Wayzata World Factbook 1996

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@ ( ( K *ClassTbl* *ClassEntry* *PTABLE* *WINDOWSEG* *ICONRESTAB* *ICONRESSEG* *ICONRES* Background *OBJTABLE* *IDTABLE* *NAMETAB* Rectangle Ellipse RoundedRectangle Polygon IrregularPolygon AngledLine Curve PaintObject Picture Group Stage Button Viewer ComboBox Field RecordField Hotword *RHOTWORD* *TbxBase* ( ewer bxBase* ( bxBase* &File &Open... Ctrl+O &Save Ctrl+S Save &As... saveas &Import... import &Export... export Print Set&up... printsetup &Print Pages... Ctrl+P printpages Prin&t Report... printreport Send &Mail... sendmail &Run... E&xit Alt+F4 &Edit &Undo Ctrl+Z Cu&t Ctrl+X &Copy Ctrl+C &Paste Ctrl+V paste C&lear Del clear Select &All Shift+F9 selectall Select Pa&ge Shift+F12 selectpage &Size to Page F11 sizetopage F&ind... F5 Re&place... replace Aut&hor F3 author &Text &Character... F6 character &Paragraph... F7 paragraph &Regular Ctrl+Space regular &Bold Ctrl+B &Italic Ctrl+I italic &Underline Ctrl+U underline Stri&keout Ctrl+K strikeout Superscrip&t/Subscript superscriptSubscript &Normal Script normalscript Su&bscript Ctrl+L subscript Su&perscript Ctrl+Shift+L superscript &Show Hotwords F9 showhotwords &Page &Next Alt+Right &Previous Alt+Left previous &First Alt+Up first &Last Alt+Down &Back Shift+F2 &History... Ctrl+F2 history N&ew Page Ctrl+N newpage &Help &Contents F1 contents Status &Bar F12 statusbar <BookPath> :HDMEDIAPATH Courier New System .'+ +F .'+ +F .'+ +F .'+ +F .'+ +F polygon button Show Map mouseEnter .'+ +F mouseLeave >= "Show Map" o= 17 o= 18 >= "Flag" o= 18 >= "I_" o= 44 o= 44 >(6(6( TrvlTops 1 About the United Nations title 'UNITED NATIONS PUBLISHED BY THE BUREAU OF PUBLIC AFFAIRS US DEPARTMENT OF STATE OCTOBER 1992 Official Name: United Nations PROFILE Established: By charter signed in San Francisco, California, on June 26, 1945; effective October 24, 1945. Purposes: To maintain international peace and security; to develop friendly relations among nations; to achieve international cooperation in solving economic, social, cultural, and humanitarian problems and in promoting respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms; to be a center for harmonizing the actions of nations in attaining these common ends. Members: 178. Official languages: Arabic, Chinese, English, French, Russian, Spanish. Principal organs: General Assembly, Security Council, Economic and Social Council, Trusteeship Council, International Court of Justice, Secretariat. Budget: UN assessed budget (calendar year 1991)--$1.2 billion. US share--$298 million. In calendar 1991, the United States paid its full assessment of $1.1 billion to the United Nations, its agencies, and other international organizations, including UN peace-keeping operations, voluntary contributions for other UN organizations such as UNICEF, and $25 million for UN refugee programs. Secretariat Chief Administrative Officer: Secretary General of the United Nations, appointed to a 5-yr. term by the General Assembly on the recommendation of the Security Council. Secretary General: Boutros Boutros-Ghali. Staff: A worldwide staff of 23,000, including more than 2,800 US citizens. The staff is appointed by the Secretary General according to UN regulations. General Assembly Membership: All UN members. President: Elected at the beginning of each General Assembly session. Main committees: First--Political and Security, primarily disarmament; Special Political Committee. Second--Economic and Financial. Third--Social, Humanitarian, and Cultural. Fourth--Trusteeship. Fifth--Administrative and Budgetary. Sixth--Legal. Many other committees address specific issues, including peace-keeping, outer space, crime prevention, status of women, and UN Charter reform. Security Council Membership: Five permanent members (China, France, Russia, UK, US), each with the right to veto, and 10 non-permanent members elected by the General Assembly for 2-year terms. (In December 1991, Russia assumed the permanent Security Council seat previously held by the USSR.) Five non-permanent members are elected from Africa and Asia combined; one from Eastern Europe; two from Latin America; and two from Western Europe and other areas. Non-permanent members are not eligible for immediate reelection. The 1992 non-permanent members are Austria, Belgium, Cape Verde, Hungary, Japan, Morocco, Venezuela , Ecuador, India, and Zimbabwe. President: Rotates monthly in English alphabetical order of members. Economic and Social Council Membership: 54; 18 elected each year by the General Assembly for 3-year terms. President: Elected each year. Trusteeship Council Membership: China, France, Russia, UK, US. President: Elected each year. International Court of Justice Membership: 15, elected for 9-year terms by the General Assembly and the Security Council from nominees of national groups under provisions of the International Court of Justice Statute. BACKGROUND The immediate antecedent of the United Nations was the League of Nations. It was created under US leadership following World War I (although the United States never became a member). The League existed from 1919 until its reduced organization and functions were replaced by the United Nations in 1945. The idea for the United Nations found expression in declarations signed at conferences in Moscow and Tehran in October and December 1943. In the summer of 1944, representatives of the USSR, the UK, and the United States met at Dumbarton Oaks, a mansion in Washington, DC. Later, discussions among China, the UK, and the United States resulted in proposals concerning the purposes and principles of an international organization, its membership and principal organs, as well as arrangements to maintain international peace and security and international economic and social cooperation. These proposals were discussed and debated by governments and private citizens worldwide. On March 5, 1945, invitations to a conference to be held in San Francisco in April were issued by the United States on behalf of itself, China, the USSR, and the UK to 42 other governments that had signed the January 1, 1942, "Declaration by United Nations" and that had declared war on Germany or Japan no later than March 1, 1945. The conference added Argentina, Denmark, and the two republics of Belarus and the Ukraine, bringing the total to 50. The 50 nations represented at San Francisco signed the Charter of the United Nations on June 26, 1945. Poland, which was not represented at the conference but for which a place among the original signatories had been reserved, added its name later, bringing the total of original signatories to 51. The United Nations came into existence 4 months later, on October 24, 1945, when the Charter had been ratified by the five permanent members of the Security Council--China, France, the USSR, the UK, and the United States--and by a majority of the other signatories. UN membership is open to all "peace-loving states" that accept the obligations of the UN Charter and, in the judgment of the organization, are able and willing to fulfill these obligations. Admission to membership is determined by the General Assembly upon recommendation of the Security Council. In September 1991, there were 166 members. By August 1992, 179 countries were members of the UN. In September 1992, however, the General Assembly, by a vote of 127 to 6 with 26 abstentions, revoked Yugoslavia's membership, reducing the total to 178. In New York City, the UN owns its headquarters site , which is international territory. The UN headquarters building was constructed between January 1, 1949, and August 21, 1950, beside the East River on donated land. Under special agreement with the United States, certain diplomatic privileges and immunities have been granted, but generally the laws of New York City, New York State, and the United States apply. SECURITY COUNCIL Under the UN Charter, the Security Council has "primary responsibility for the maintenance of international peace and security," and all UN members "agree to accept and carry out the decisions of the Security Council in accordance with the present Charter." Other organs of the United Nations make recommendations to member governments. The Security Council, however, has the power to make decisions, which member governments must carry out under the Charter. A representative of each Security Council member must always be present at UN headquarters so that the Council can meet at any time. Decisions in the Security Council on all substantive matters--for example, a decision calling for direct measures related to the settlement of a dispute--require the affirmative votes of nine members, including the support of all five permanent members. A negative vote--a veto--by a permanent member prevents adoption of a proposal that has received the required number of affirmative votes. Abstention is not regarded as a veto. A permanent member usually abstains when it does not wish to vote in favor of a decision or to block it with a veto. A state that is a member of the UN but not of the Security Council may participate in Security Council discussions in which the Council agrees that the country's interests are particularly affected. In recent years, the Council has interpreted this loosely, enabling many countries to take part in its discussions. Non-members routinely are invited to take part when they are parties to disputes being considered by the Council. Although the UN Charter gives the Security Council primary responsibility for international peace and security, it recommends that states first make every effort to settle their disputes peacefully, either bilaterally or through regional organizations. Under Chapter Six of the Charter, "Pacific Settlement of Disputes," the Security Council "may investigate any dispute, or any situation which might lead to international friction or give rise to a dispute." The Council may "recommend appropriate procedures or methods of adjustment" if it determines that the situation might endanger international peace and security. These recommendations are not binding on UN members. Under Chapter Seven, the Council has broader power to decide what measures to be taken in situations involving "threats to the peace, breaches of the peace, or acts of aggression." In such situations, the Council is not limited to recommendations but may take action, including the use of armed force, "to maintain or restore international peace and security." This was the basis for UN armed action in Korea in 1950 and the use of coalition forces in Iraq and Kuwait in 1991. In the case of Iraq, the Security Council adopted 12 resolutions in 1990 that clearly laid out the path of peace for that country to follow. Those resolutions demanded that Iraq withdraw immediately and unconditionally from Kuwait, established an economic embargo against Iraq backed by force, and authorized the use of "all means necessary" to expel Iraqi armed forces from Kuwait if the Iraqis did not withdraw by January 15, 1991. When the Iraqis did not withdraw, the international coalition of forces launched Operation Desert Storm at 4:50 pm Eastern Standard Time on January 16 to force Iraq into complying with the 12 UN Security Council resolutions. As a result of that joint military operation, the Iraqi armed forces were expelled from Kuwait. s in downt Interface Image Notes Previous buttonClick TO HANDLE buttonClick --{Go buttonClick TO HANDLE buttonClick --{Go Print .'+ + Notes buttonClick buttonClick 1440,1440,1440,1440 360,360 printerScaling custom "Notes" 12000 printerSize printerLabelWidth Adoption information title +b+bINTERNATIONAL ADOPTIONS (Consular Affairs Topics) DISCLAIMER: THE INFORMATION IN THIS CIRCULAR RELATING TO THE LEGAL REQUIREMENTS OF SPECIFIC FOREIGN COUNTRIES IS PROVIDED FOR GENERAL INFORMATION ONLY AND MAY NOT BE TOTALLY ACCURATE IN A PARTICULAR CASE. QUESTIONS INVOLVING INTERPRETATION OF SPECIFIC FOREIGN LAWS SHOULD BE ADDRESSED TO FOREIGN ATTORNEYS OR FOREIGN GOVERNMENT OFFICIALS SUMMARY The subject of international adoptions has become an issue of considerable concern to the Department of State and its embassies and consulates abroad in recent years. There has been an increasing incidence of illicit activities in the area of international adoptions by intermediaries and adoption agencies both in the foreign countries involved and in the United States. The Department considers adoptions to be private legal matters within the judicial sovereignty of the nation where the child resides. U.S. authorities, therefore, have no right to intervene on behalf of an individual American citizen with the courts in the country where the adoption takes place. However, while we cannot become directly involved in the adoption process, we do receive requests for assistance and information from American citizens who wish to adopt in foreign countries. Requests cover a broad range of subjects from the legal procedures involved to the expeditious issuance of immigrant visas to adopted children, or children being brought to the United States for the purpose of adoption. The information in this brochure is intended to provide a general overview of international adoptions and to warn prospective adoptive parents about problems they might encounter. DEPARTMENT ASSISTANCE The Department of State can offer assistance in several important ways. We can provide information on the details of the adoption process in the foreign country; make inquiries on behalf of adoptive parents regarding the status of their cases before foreign tribunals; assist in the clarification of documentary requirements; provide information on the U.S. visa application and issuance process; and endeavor to ensure that Americans are not discriminated against by foreign authorities and courts. ANTICIPATING DIFFICULTIES American citizens who desire to adopt foreign children should be aware of the numerous problems and pitfalls which may beset them in the natural course of the tedious process of foreign adoptions. Generally, adopting parents may expect to be temporarily frustrated by some of the vagaries of transnational bureaucracies, but in the long run adherence to procedures established by the laws and regulations of the country where the adoption is taking place and avoidance of short-cuts will save time, effort, and heartache. One crucial fact which must be understood at the outset of any adoption is that the child is a national of the country of its origin (and remains so even after the adoption process is completed) and is subject to the jurisdiction of the foreign courts. Consequently, parents should be certain that the procedures they follow in arranging for such an adoption strictly comply with local (foreign) law. This is usually accomplished by dealing with a reputable, licensed international adoption agency which has experience in arranging adoptions in the particular foreign country, or, in the case of a private adoption, with a local attorney who has routinely handled successful adoptions. Adopting parents should be wary of any agency or attorney who claims to be able to streamline established procedures. If it sounds too good to be true, it probably is. Procedural irregularities which sometimes result from an intermediary's desire to speed up the process can result in the foreign government's determination that the adoption is illegal and the refusal of that government to finalize the adoption. GENERAL PROCEDURES 1. Foreign Adoption Practices and Procedures The majority of countries require that the child who is placed for adoption be legally recognized as an orphan or, in the case where a parent is living, be legally and irrevocably released for adoption prior to any legal activity leading to final adoption of the child. Nowadays, most countries have enacted legislation which requires the full scale adoption of the child through the foreign court after the child has been declared an orphan. Some countries do allow "simple" "adoption", which means that the adopting parent(s) are granted guardianship of the child by the foreign court, thus permitting the child to leave the foreign country to be adopted in country of the adopting parent(s)' nationality. Some countries may accept the properly authenticated home study of the prospective adoptive parent(s) on its face. Other countries may require the personal appearance of the adoptive parent(s) before the foreign court. This could involve a protracted stay in the foreign country until the court approves the adoption. 2. U.S. Immigration Requirements In addition to the foreign adoption requirements, prospective adoptive parents must comply with U.S. immigration procedures. It is not possible, for example, to simply locate a child in a foreign country, then go to the U.S. embassy and obtain a visa for the child. Visa procedures in this area are complex, and designed with many safeguards to ensure that children adopted abroad or brought to this country for adoption are truly orphans and will go to healthy homes in the U.S. Contact the U.S. Immigration and Naturalization Service (INS) office having jurisdiction over your place of residence in the U.S. for information early in the process. One area which has been a source of confusion to prospective adoptive parents is whether a child identified in a foreign country actually meets the definition of orphan under U.S. immigration laws. A. Does the Child Meet the Definition of Orphan? Under Section 201(b) of the Immigration and Nationality Act (INA), foreign children may gain entry into the United States as "immediate relatives" of U.S. citizens. In this connection, the INA defines the term "orphan" as a "child under the age of 16 ... who is an orphan because of the death or disappearance of, abandonment or desertion by, or separation or loss from, both parents, or for whom the sole surviving parent is incapable of providing the proper care (proper care has been ruled as proper care according to the local (foreign) standard of living, not the U.S. standard of living) and has in writing irrevocably released the child for emigration and adoption." (8 U.S.C. 1101(b)(1)(F)). This means that a child who has been abandoned by both parents may meet the definition of orphan, for example, if the child has been unconditionally abandoned to an orphanage or legally documented as abandoned by a competent legal authority in the child's country of origin. B. Orphan Petitions for U.S. Immigration The procedures for adopting a child abroad or bringing a child to the U.S. for adoption must in all cases be initiated with INS. An orphan cannot be brought to the U.S. without a visa based on an INS approved petition (form I-600). If an adoptive parent(s) simply appears at a U.S. embassy or consulate asking for a visa for an adopted child with no prior processing and approval by INS, the visa cannot be issued immediately. The matter must be referred to INS. It could take a considerable period of time before INS could approve such a petition since a home study of the adoptive parent(s), fingerprint check, and any state pre-adoptive requirements would have to be completed. We urge all prospective adoptive parents to contact INS and initiate the requisite procedures before going abroad to look for a child. There are two separate procedures for the adjudication of orphan petitions. (1) Specific Child Identified and I-600 Petition Fully Approved By INS If the adoptive parent(s) has identified the child when beginning U.S. immigration processing, it is necessary to file petition form I-600 with the appropriate office of the U.S. Immigration and Naturalization Service (INS) in the United States. In that case, INS adjudicates all aspects of the I-600 petition -- the suitability of the adoptive parent(s), compliance with any state pre-adoption requirements (if the child is to be adopted after entry into the U.S.), and the qualification of the child as an orphan within the meaning of Section 101(b)(1)(F) of the Immigration and Nationality Act. INS will send the approved I-600 to the U.S. embassy or consulate in the country where the child will be adopted. If requested, INS will also send notification of their approval via telegram (the "visas 38" (adopted abroad) or "visas 39" (coming to the U.S. to be adopted) procedure) to help speed-up issuance of the U.S. visa. In the case of a fully approved I-600 petition, the consular officer at a U.S. embassy or consular abroad must verify that the facts alleged about the child in the approved petition are correct. Information casting doubt upon the child's eligibility as an orphan or disclosing a medical consideration not identified in the approved petition requires return of the petition to the approving INS office for reconsideration. (2) No Specific Child Identified and I-600A Approved by INS If prospective adoptive parent(s) in the United States intend(s) to go abroad to locate a child for adoption the adoptive parent(s) should file an application on form I-600A for an advance determination of suitability as adoptive parent(s). This application is filed at the appropriate INS office in the United States with jurisdiction over the adoptive parent(s) place of residence. INS will evaluate the suitability of the prospective adoptive parent(s) in the same manner as would be done if the parent(s) had filed an I-600 petition (see above) and will, if requested, forward the approved I-600A to the appropriate U.S. consular office or overseas office of INS. The INS office will, if requested, send notification of their approval via telegram (the "visas 37" procedure) to help speed-up the issuance of the U.S. visa. This message will also state whether the adoptive parent(s) have fulfilled applicable pre-adoption procedures in their state of residence. Prospective adoptive parent(s) who file and have approved a form I-600A, once having located the child to be adopted, must file a petition I-600 with the appropriate U.S. consular officer or INS office abroad or with their local INS office in the United States if more convenient. When prospective adoptive parent(s) file a petition form I-600 with a U.S. consular officer abroad after the approval of an I-600A application, the consular officer has the authority by delegation from INS to adjudicate the I-600, relying upon the approval of the I-600A for elements relating to the suitability of the parent(s) and establishing the eligibility of the child as an orphan, and compliance with any state pre-adoption requirements. If any doubt exists as to whether the petition may be approved, the consular officer must refer the petition to the appropriate overseas INS office for adjudication. A petition is clearly approvable only where primary documentation is presented which establishes the elements of eligibility. In orphan cases, there are certain possible circumstances which inherently cannot be documented by primary evidence. This could include issues such as the identity of the child, death of parent or parents, abandonment by parent or parents, disappearance or loss of, or separation from parent or parents and unconditional release by sole or surviving parent. A consular officer cannot approve an I-600 petition unless it is supported by primary evidence of all claimed elements of the eligibility of the child in question as an orphan within the meaning of section 101(b)(1)(F) of the Immigration and Nationality Act. An I-600 petition supported, in whole or in part, by secondary evidence must be referred by the U.S. consular officer to the appropriate overseas INS office for adjudication. C. Child Who Does Not Meet the Definition of Orphan If the child does not meet the definition of orphan under the INA, the child may qualify to enter the U.S. under section 101(b)(1)(E) of the INA based on an adoptive relationship if the child was adopted before the age of 16 and if the child has been in the legal custody of, and has resided with, the adopting parent(s) for at least two years. The two year legal custody and residence period requirement may take place either before or after the adoption but must take place before issuance of a visa permitting the child to enter the U.S. This procedure should not be confused with the procedure for orphan petitions which has completely different requirements. D. "Proxy Adoptions" There are no provisions in INS regulations for approving petitions signed by agents with powers of attorney. In addition, a petition cannot be approved if a married petitioner signs the I-600 on behalf of his/her spouse (even with a power of attorney). A signature on a blank I-600 later completed when the child is located abroad is invalid, and no such petition can be approved. E. Procedures for Issuance of Immigrant Visa Once petition procedures listed above have been completed and foreign adoption requirements taken care of, an immigrant visa application appointment will need to be scheduled by the U.S. consular officer at the U.S. embassy or consulate abroad. The officer will provide adoptive parent(s) with a list of visa requirements. Among other requirements, adopting parent(s) should be aware of the medical examination fee and the U.S. $150.00 immigrant visa fee (which must be paid either in local currency or U.S. dollars in cash or money order, cashiers check, or certified check). VALIDITY OF FOREIGN ADOPTION IN UNITED STATES In most cases the formal adoption of a child in a foreign court is accepted as lawful in the United States. In some instances, it will be necessary to re-adopt the child in the United States. For example, if the adoptive parent(s) did not see the child prior to or during the full adoption proceedings abroad, the child must be brought to the U.S. to be adopted here (IR-4). In the case of a married couple, both parents must see the child before the U.S. visa can be issued if the child is to be considered "adopted abroad". Otherwise, the parent(s) must be able to meet the pre-adoption requirements of their state of residence in order for the child to qualify for a U.S. visa to come to U.S. to be adopted here. This is true even if a full final adoption decree has been issued in the foreign country. Adoptive parents should determine in advance the requirements of their own particular state of residence. Some states do not recognize foreign contracted adoptions, while others have a post-registration requirement to confer legality on the adoption. The office of the state Attorney General in the state capital can provide such information. If no formal adoption is required by the country of the child's origin it will definitely be necessary for the child to be adopted in the state where the parents intend to reside with the child. Of course, a child brought to the U.S. for the purpose of being adopted here, rather than a child legally adopted abroad, must be adopted in accordance with state law. ADOPTION FRAUD The Department of State refers to INS for investigation all petitions for children whose adoptions have been arranged through private or organizational "facilitators" motivated by undue personal gain or improper profit, or other irregular practices. This policy flows from our general obligation to respect host country laws and is based on a strong desire on the part of the United States not to promote abuse of adoption procedures ("baby-selling", kidnapping, etc.), and not to permit its officials to engage in conduct that might cause a host country to prohibit altogether further adoptions of host country children by U.S. citizens. To this end, the Department of State has consistently expressed its support for measures taken by foreign states to reduce adoption abuses. Adoption fraud has recently been on the rise. Fraud can be perpetrated by the facilitator handling the adoption in the foreign country, especially if it is a private adoption, or by the facilitator or adoption agency in the United States. Unfortunately for adoptive parents, there exists a substantial black market trade in adoptive children. International adoptions have become a lucrative business in part because of the huge demand for adoptive infants in the United States. The lack of state regulatory requirements for international adoption agencies has permitted unscrupulous individuals to set up businesses, often without prior experience or expertise in the area of adoptions. Exorbitant fees in the tens of thousands of dollars have been extorted from prospective adoptive parents desperate to adopt. Abuses perpetrated by these agencies and individuals have included offering for adoption a supposedly healthy child who is later found to be seriously ill, or obtaining prepayment for adoption of a child who does not actually exist. (In some countries, it is advisable to have a child considered for adoption examined by a doctor before completing adoption procedures.) Many states in the U.S. have experienced problems with such unscrupulous practitioners. Some states have moved to revoke licenses or prosecute the individuals connected with these activities after receiving complaints from adoptive parents who have been defrauded. It should be noted, however, that by far, the majority of adoption agencies practicing in the United States are legitimate professional organizations with a wealth of experience in domestic and international adoptions. It is the continuing rise of unscrupulous practitioners, who act in violation of regulatory requirements, which taints international adoptions. Any problems experienced by American citizens in dealing with foreign attorneys or adoption agencies who employ these foreign attorneys should be reported to the American embassy or consulate or to the Office of Citizens Consular Services at the Department of State in Washington. Any problems experienced with agencies or intermediaries in the United States should be reported immediately to the appropriate state authorities, i.e., Health and Human Services office, police, District Attorney, Better Business Bureau, or state Attorney General's office. The United States Immigration and Naturalization Service should also be notified of these activities. FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS - What Can You Do To Avoid Adoption Problems? Contact the local office of the Immigration and Naturalization Service early in the adoption process. Request a copy of the INS publication M-249Y (Revised, 1990) "The Immigration of Adopted and Prospective Adoptive Children". Contact the Department of State, Office of Citizens Consular Services in Washington or the U.S. embassy or consulate in the country from which you desire to adopt to obtain information on adoption practices and procedures and ascertain if there are any particular problems of which you should be aware in connection with adoption from that country. Demand an accounting of the services for which you are paying an agency or intermediary. Find out if adoption agencies/intermediaries must be licensed in your state, and if so, whether the one you are working with is licensed. You might also check with the Better Business Bureau, Consumer Affairs Office, or similar office of your District Attorney or Attorney General's office to obtain information about the past record of the agency/intermediary you have chosen to use. - What Can You Do About Problems Concerning an Orphan Petition for Immigration To the United States? If your problem concerns the adjudication of an orphan petition (I-600 or I-600A), discuss the matter with the INS examiner assigned to your case. If he/she is unable to assist you, ask to speak with the INS supervisory examiner. If the supervisor is unable to help, ask to speak with the next line supervisor/manager until you have reached the District Director or Officer-in-Charge. If the local INS office is unable to assist you, contact the Regional Office that has jurisdiction over the office handling your case. - Does an Adopted Child Automatically Acquire U.S. Citizenship? No. However, there does exist a mechanism by which the child can be expeditiously naturalized as a citizen of the United States. As of November 14, 1986, Section 341 of the Immigration and Nationality Act (INA) was amended to add subsections (b)(1) and (b)(2) which permit an adopting parent or parents to apply to the Attorney General of the United States for a Certificate of Citizenship for an alien adopted child. Pursuant to Subsection (b)(1), the Attorney General shall issue a Certificate of Citizenship and the adopted child shall then automatically become a naturalized U.S. citizen if the following conditions have been established: (1) the adopting parent (and spouse, if married) are U.S. citizens. (2) the child meets the qualifications of Section 341(c)(2) of the INA. This Section defines "child" for the purposes of naturalization. The required criteria are (a) the child be under the age of 18, (b) the child was adopted before the age of 16 by a U.S. citizen parent, and (c) is residing in the United States in the custody of the adopting parent(s) pursuant to lawful admission for permanent residence. (3) the child is in the United States. How to Apply The administrative process requires that INS Form N-643 Application for Certificate of Citizenship in behalf of an Adopted Child, be filed with the INS before the child is 18 years of age. The child is not a citizen until the Form N-643 is approved and the certificate of citizenship is issued. For information, contact the INS office nearest you. - Are There Any International Agreements on Adoption? The United States is not a signatory to any international agreement or convention relating to international adoptions. The only existing international agreement on adoption is the HAGUE CONVENTION ON JURISDICTION, APPLICABLE LAW AND RECOGNITION OF DECREES TO ADOPTION of November 15, 1965 which entered into force on October 10, 1978. It is only in force in the United Kingdom, Austria and Switzerland. The Organization of American States (OAS) is in the process of drafting the INTER-AMERICAN CONVENTION ON THE ADOPTION OF MINORS. This draft provides in part that the courts of a nation in which the adopting parents are habitually resident may grant an adoption decree and that the adopted child's country of origin should not prevent the child from leaving the country after an adoption is granted in the absence of a public order or for police reasons. We do not expect the convention to be completed or in effect until well after 1992. Forty nine countries, many of them countries from which children have been adopted, and ten international organizations, participated in the June 11-21, 1990 Hague Conference on Private International Law preliminary session in preparation for the drafting of a multilateral CONVENTION ON INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION IN INTERCOUNTRY ADOPTIONS. The June 1990 meeting was the first of four sessions aimed at adoption of the text of a convention for signature and ratification by States (countries) by spring 1993. - From which countries are children available for adoption? The availability of children for adoption from particular countries can change very rapidly. PROBLEMS For information about procedures in specific countries, please contact the appropriate geographic division of the Department of State, Office of Citizens Consular Services: Europe and Canada Division (202) 647-3445 Inter-American Division (202) 647-3712 East Asia and Pacific Division (202) 647-3675 Near Eastern and South Asia Division (202) 647-3926 Africa Division (202) 647-4994 General recorded information about visa procedures is available from the Department of State's Visa Office at (202) 663-1225. For questions about U.S. visa petition procedures, contact the nearest office of the U.S. Immigration and Naturalization Service located in the Federal Government section of your telephone book under Department of Justice. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Carribean travel title |I|ITips for Travelers to the Caribbean (Consular Affairs Topics) Originally named the West Indies by explorers seeking a sea route to India, the Caribbean is the region of tropical islands in the Caribbean Sea situated between North and South America and east of Central America. The islands extend for nearly 1,700 miles from Cuba in the west to Barbados in the east. The Caribbean was named for the Carib Indians whom Christopher Columbus encountered on his second voyage. Note that there is a travel advisory for Cuba. U.S. Treasury regulations restrict travel to Cuba. See page 13 for details. Travel to Mexico and to Central and South America is covered in separate publications. To order them, see the inside back cover. If you plan to visit to the most popular islands during high tourist season from mid-December to mid-April, confirm your hotel reservations two to three months in advance. There are, however, lesser-known islands where you can book first class accommodations on short notice. In addition, you can usually book reservations with ease during the off-season. However, if you visit the Caribbean during hurricane season from June to November, keep a weather eye out for hurricane warnings. Most of the islands in the Caribbean Sea belong to one of the 13 independent countries there. In addition, several islands and groups of islands in the Caribbean are part of or dependent upon France, the Netherlands, the United Kingdom, or the United States. For a directory of the major islands, see the next page. Travel Advisories The Department of State issues travel advisories concerning conditions abroad that could affect U.S. citizens adversely. At the time of publication, travel advisories are in effect for Cuba and Haiti. From time to time there have been travel advisories for other areas of the Caribbean. Current advisories are available at the 13 regional passport agencies and from the Citizens Emergency Center, Room 4811, Department of State, Washington, DC 20520-4818; telephone (202) 647- 5225. Travel advisories are also available at U.S. embassies and consulates abroad. As you travel, keep abreast of local news coverage. If you are in an area experiencing civil unrest or a natural disaster, if you will be more than a couple of weeks in a place, or if you are going to a place where communications are poor, you are encouraged to register with the nearest U.S. embassy or consulate. (See addresses at the end of this pamphlet.) Registration takes only a few moments, and it may be invaluable in case of an emergency. Remember also to leave a detailed itinerary and the number of your passport or other citizenship document with a friend or relative in the United States. Entry and Exit Requirements Going: Every island in the Caribbean has entry requirements. Most countries allow you to visit for up to two or three months if you show proof of citizenship and a return or onward ticket. Some countries such as Trinidad and Tobago require that you have a passport. If you are arriving from an area infected with yellow fever, many Caribbean countries require that you have a certificate of vaccination against yellow fever. Some countries have an airport departure tax that can be as much as $15. For authoritative information on a countryUs entry and exit requirements and on its customs and currency regulations, contact its embassy, consulate, or tourist office in the United States. Returning - Caution! Make certain that you can return to the United States with the proof of citizenship that you take with you. Although some places in the Caribbean allow you to enter with only a voterUs registration card or a birth certificate to indicate your citizenship, U.S. Immigration requires that you document your U.S. citizenship and identity when you reenter the United States. There are several countries, most notably, Barbados, the Dominican Republic, Grenada, and Jamaica, where airlines have refused to board American citizens with insufficient proof of their U.S. citizenship. The resulting delays are at least inconvenient and are often expensive. The best document of U.S. citizenship is a valid U.S. passport. Other documents of U.S. citizenship include an expired U.S. passport, a certified copy of your birth certificate, a Certificate of Naturalization, a Certificate of Citizenship, or a Report of Birth Abroad of a Citizen of the United States. To prove your identity, either a valid driverUs license or a government identification card that includes a photo or a physical description is acceptable. Bringing Your Own Boat or Plane If you plan to arrive in the Caribbean in your own boat or plane, contact the embassy, consulate, or tourist office of each country you plan to visit to learn what is required for entry and exit. Besides title of ownership, at most ports of entry, you will need to show insurance coverage effective for the country you are entering. Some countries require a temporary import permit for your boat or plane. Authorities in the Caribbean are familiar with U.S. regulations for documentation of air and sea craft. They will detain improperly documented craft that enter their territory. In some countries, authorities will confiscate firearms found on a boat or plane unless the owner or master can show proof that U.S. licensing and export procedures have been followed. In addition, some countries impose a stiff prison term on the importation of illegal firearms. Customs and Currency Regulations Customs formalities are generally simple in the Caribbean. As a rule, one carton of cigarettes and one quart of liquor are permitted duty free into the islands. Most places tax additional quantities at a high rate. In general, tourists are permitted to enter with other commodities required for personal use. If you wish to bring firearms into any country, inquire at the countryUs embassy or consulate on the permit required. As noted above, some countries in the Caribbean impose a stiff prison term on those who import illegal firearms. Currency regulations vary. Inquire about them when you check on entry requirements. In some countries, you must declare all currency and you may not take out more money than you brought into the country. Some countries limit the amount of their own currency that can be brought in or taken out. Be sure to bring enough money. Check with your travel agent about extra fees and taxes that may be overlooked in the tourist literature. Examples are hotel taxes, obligatory restaurant gratuities, and airport departure taxes. When you convert your money to local currency, retain your receipts. You will need to show them if you wish to reconvert money upon departure. It is usually advantageous to reconvert local currency before departure. U.S. currency is used along with local currency in some places such as the Bahamas and Haiti. Health Information on health precautions for travelers can be obtained from local health departments, private doctors, or travel clinics. Immunizations are recommended against diphtheria, hepatitis A, polio, tetanus, and typhoid. Polio is endemic in Haiti and in the Dominican Republic. Malaria is prevalent in Haiti and in the rural, non-tourist areas of the Dominican Republic that border Haiti. If you are going to a malaria area, take a weekly dose of chloroquine, beginning two weeks before your trip. In addition, try to avoid being bitten by mosquitoes because malaria can break through any prophylactic drug. Review your health insurance policy. If it does not cover you abroad, consider purchasing temporary insurance that does. Social Security Medicare does not provide payment for medical services obtained outside the U.S. In addition to medical insurance, consider obtaining insurance to cover evacuation in the event of an accident or serous illness. Air evacuation to the United States can easily cost $15,000 if you are not insured. There are short-term health and emergency assistance policies designed for travelers. Ask your travel agent about them or look for ads about about them in travel publications. If you should need medical attention during your trip, your hotel can recommend the nearest clinic, hospital or doctor, or you can obtain a list of local medical services from the nearest U.S. embassy or consulate. In a medical emergency, a U.S. consul can assist you in finding medical services. The most prevalent health hazard in the Caribbean is one you can avoidQoverexposure to the sun. Use sunscreen and bring a shirt to wear over your bathing suit, especially if you plan to snorkle. Where the quality of drinking water is questionable, tourist hotels provide bottled water for guests. Travelers to remote areas should boil or chemically treat drinking water. Safety Tips Crime. The Caribbean has a somewhat slower pace than at home. However, petty thievery, purse snatching, and pick pocketing do happen, particularly in towns and at beaches. In some places, U.S. passports and identity documents are especially attractive to thieves. Robbery of yachts is a problem in some marinas. Here are a few common sense precautions to keep in mind: - Safety begins when you pack. Leave expensive jewelry, unnecessary credit cards, and anything you would hate to lose at home. - Use a money belt or concealed money pouch for passports, cash, and other valuables. - Do not take valuables to the beach. Use the hotel safe when you go to the beach or go to town. - When you enter a marina, register with the local government authorities. Water safety. Make certain that sports equipment, including scuba equipment, that you rent or buy meets international safety standards. If you use a pool or beach without a lifeguard, exercise extreme caution. The surf on the Atlantic side of an island can be rough; the Caribbean side is usually calmer. Do not dive into unknown bodies of water because hidden rocks or shallow depths can cause serious injury or death. In some places, you may need to wear sneakers in the water for protection against sea urchins. Drug Offenses Most countries in the Caribbean have strict laws against the use, possession, and sale of narcotics. Foreigners arrested for possession of even small amounts of marijuana, cocaine or other illegal drugs are often charged and tried as international traffickers. The penalty for carrying narcotcs into or out of the country can be 20 years imprisonment. In some places, there is no bail, there are long judicial delays, and you can spend more than two years awaiting trial. Conditions in some Caribbean prisons do not meet even minimum U.S. standards. If you carry prescription drugs, keep them in their original container, clearly labeled with the doctorUs name, pharmacy, and contents. Judicial Systems When you travel abroad, you are subject to the laws of the country you are in. If you find yourself in serious difficulty while abroad, contact a consular officer at the nearest U.S. embassy or consulate. U.S. consuls cannot serve as attorneys or give legal assistance. They can, however, provide lists of local attorneys and advise you of your rights under local law. If you are detained, a consul can monitor your case and can make sure you are treated fairly under local laws. Driving in the Caribbean If you plan to rent a car, be aware that driving conditions are different from those at home. In the British and formerly British islands, and in the U.S. Virgin Islands, one drives on the left. If you are not used to this, proceed slowly and with utmost caution. To get the feeling of keeping left and of local driving customs, it may help to ride as a passenger for a while, mentally pretending you are the driver. Many Caribbean roads are narrow or winding, and road signs may not be in English. In some places, domestic animals roam freely. Defensive driving is a must because local driving patterns are not the same as at home and some of the other drivers may be tourists who are as confused as you are! Shopping: Avoid Wildlife Products Beware of purchasing a live animal or plant or an item made from one. Most such items are prohibited from international traffic. You risk confiscation and a possible fine by U.S. Customs if you attempt to import virtually any wildlife or wildlife product. In particular, watch out for and avoid: - All products made from sea turtles, including turtle leather boots, tortoise-shell jewelry, and sea turtle oil cosmetics. - Fur from spotted cats. - Feathers and feather products from wild birds. - Birds, stuffed or alive, such as parrots or parakeets. - Crocodile and caiman leather. - Black coral and most other coral, whether in chunks or in jewelry. Residence and Investments in the Caribbean You will need a passport and visa to reside in or do business in the Caribbean. Although some Caribbean countries welcome retirees or others of independent means as long-term residents, requests for work permits are rarely granted. Apply to a countryUs embassy or consulate in the United States if you wish to obtain a visa to reside, do business, or work in the country. U.S. citizens who wish to invest in a business in the Caribbean, such as real estate development, should first thoroughly investigate the company making the offer and, in addition, learn about the investment climate in the country. There are several ways to become informed. The U.S. Department of CommerceUs Caribbean Basin Business Development Center (202-377-2527) offers advice and can furnish and an investment climate statement for the place you are considering. The U.S. embassy or consulate for the country can also help by telling you: - if they have received any complaints about the company - where to find out if the company is registered with local authorities - what local authority or trade association can give you information about the company - and if there is a local American Chamber of Commerce or other organization of overseas Americans that could give you advice on the local business scene. Additonal Information on Some Countries BAHAMAS Criminal penalties for possession of and trafficking in drugs in the Bahamas are more severe than in the United States. The Bahamian court system has a heavy volume of pending cases, and Americans are often held in prison for months while awaiting trial. This is especially true in drug related cases. Be certain to budget for a hotel room tax, an energy surtax, an 15% obligatory gratuity in restaurants, and an airport departure tax. CAYMAN ISLANDS Persons wearing their hair in dreadlocks have occasionally been refused entry to the Caymans Islands. Cayman authorities say that they may Rrefuse entry to any person whose mode of dress or behavior, or unkempt appearance, may cause offence to the Caymanian community.S The authorities emphasize that Rthis policy does not automatically exclude from entry persons wearing their hair in any particular manner. However, if such persons are also unkempt and slovenly in their attire and behaviour, it is possible they could then be refused entry.S CUBA DOMINICAN REPUBLIC Drug laws are severe and strictly enforced in the Domincan Rupublic. Possession of even small amounts of marijuana or other illegal drugs can result in jail sentences and fines. The penalty for carrying narcotics into or out of the country is five to 20 years imprisonment. The only legal currency in the Dominican Republic is the peso, and it should be purchased only at authorized hotels and banks. In crackdowns on black market activity, American tourists have sometimes been arrested for even minor illegal currency transactions. No more than $5000 may be taken from the Domincan Republic upon departure. There may be restrictions on minor children being allowed to leave the Domincan Republic without their parent(s). A child without a U.S. passport may be particularly vulnerable to being denied permission to travel. If this applies to you, check with the Embassy of the Dominican Republic and learn their requirements before you travel there. JAMAICA Crime is a particularly serious problem in Jamaica, both in Kingston and in the north coast tourist areas. Visitors should not walk around at night and should avoid public transportation, except for licensed taxis. Particular care should be taken at isolated villas and small establishments. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Child abduction information title qU.S. DEPARTMENT OF STATE, BUREAU OF CONSULAR AFFAIRS INTERNATIONAL CHILD ABDUCTION JANUARY 1995 INTRODUCTION Parental child abduction is a tragedy. When a child is abducted across international borders, the difficulties are compounded for everyone involved. This pamphlet is addressed to the adult most directly affected by international child abduction, the left-behind parent. The Department of State's Office of Children's Issues (CA/OCS/CI) deals with the victims of international parental child abduction every day. Since the late 1970's, we have been contacted in the cases of approximately 7,000 American children who were either abducted from the United States or prevented from returning to the United States by one of their parents. At the time of publication, we have over 1,200 active, unresolved cases on file. You, as the deprived parent, must direct the search and recovery operation yourself. Because it can be a bewildering experience, we have prepared a checklist for you (see page 28). In this booklet, we tell you what the Department of State can and cannot do to help you (see page 4). In addition, because we are only part of the network of resources available to you, we mention other avenues to pursue when a child or children have been abducted across international borders. Your case is unique, and you will have to decide how much of the information here is useful and whether it can be applied to your particular needs to resolve your crisis. If you have any further questions, please call us at 202-736-7000. You may also fax us at 202-647-2835, or write to us at: Office of Children's Issues CA/OCS/CI, Room 4811, Department of State Washington, D.C. 20520-4818. Ninth Edition January 1995 PART I- PREVENTION HOW TO GUARD AGAINST INTERNATIONAL CHILD ABDUCTION How Vulnerable is Your Child? You and your child are most vulnerable when your relationship with the other parent is broken or troubled; the other parent has close ties to another country; and the other country has traditions or laws that may be prejudicial to a parent of your gender or to aliens in general. Cross-cultural Marriages: Should You or Your Child Visit the Country of the Other Parent? Many cases of international parental child abduction are actually cases in which the child traveled to a foreign country with the approval of both parents but was later prevented from returning to the United States. While these cases are not abductions, but wrongful retentions, they are just as troubling to a child. Sometimes the marriage is neither broken nor troubled, but the foreign parent, upon returning to his or her country of origin, decides not to return to the U.S. or to allow the child to do so. A person who has assimilated a second culture may find a return to his or her roots traumatic and may feel a pull to shift loyalties back to the original culture. A person's personality may change when he or she returns to the place where he or she grew up. In some traditional societies, children must have their father's permission and a woman must have her husband's permission to travel. If you are a woman, to prevent your own or your child's detention abroad, find out about the laws and traditions of the country you plan to visit or to allow your child to visit, and consider carefully the effect that a return to his roots might have on your husband. The Office of Children's Issues has several country flyers that provide some general information. For detailed advice in your specific case, you may wish to contact an attorney in that country. We can provide you with a list of attorneys practicing around the word. Precautions That Any Vulnerable Parent Should Take In international parental child abduction, an ounce of prevention is worth a pound of cure. Be alert to the possibility and be prepared keep a list of the addresses and telephone numbers of the other parent's relatives, friends, and business associates both here and abroad. Keep a record of other important information on the other parent, including these numbers: passport, social security, bank account, driver's license, and auto license. In addition, keep a written description of your child, including hair and eye color, height, weight, and any special physical characteristics. Take color photographs of your child every six months. If your child should be abducted, this information could be vital in locating your child. The National Center for Missing and Exploited Children (NCMEC at telephone 1-800-843-5678 ), in addition, suggests that you teach your child to use the telephone; practice making collect calls; and instruct him or her to call home immediately if anything unusual happens. If you feel your child is vulnerable to abduction, get professional counseling. Do not merely tell a friend about your fears. The Importance of a Custody Decree Under the laws of many American states and many foreign countries, if there is no decree of custody prior to an abduction, both parents are considered to have equal legal custody of their child. If you are contemplating divorce or separation, or are divorced or separated, or even if you were never legally married to the other parent, obtain a decree of sole custody or a decree that prohibits the travel of your child without your permission or that of the court as soon as possible. If you have or would prefer to have a joint custody decree, make certain that it prohibits your child from traveling abroad without your permission or that of the court. How to Draft or Modify a Custody Decree A well-written custody decree is an important line of defense against international parental child abduction. NCMEC, in its publication Family Abduction: How to Prevent an Abduction and What to Do If Your Child is Abducted, has several recommendations to help prevent the abduction of your child if your spouse is a legal permanent resident alien or a U.S. citizen with ties to a foreign country. For instance, it may be advisable to include court-ordered supervised visitation and/or prohibiting your child from traveling without your permission or that of the court. If the country to which your child might be taken is a member of the Hague Convention on International Child Abduction (see page 9), the custody decree should state that the parties agree that the terms of the Hague Convention apply should an abduction or wrongful retention occur. The ABA also suggests having the court require the alien parent or the parent with ties to a foreign country to post a bond. This may be useful both as a deterrent to abduction and, if forfeited because of an abduction, as a source of revenue for you in your efforts to locate and recover your child. For further information, you may contact the NCMEC at the address on page How a Custody Decree Can Help Obtain several certified copies of your custody decree from the court that issued it. Give a copy to your child's school and advise school personnel to whom your child may be released. U.S. Passports From the Department of State, you may learn whether your child has been issued a U.S. passport. You may also ask that your child's name be entered into the State Department's passport name check system. This will enable the Department to notify you or your attorney if an application for a U.S. passport for the child is received anywhere in the United States or at any U.S. embassy or consulate abroad. If you have a court order that either grants you sole custody or prohibits your child from traveling without your permission or the permission of the court, the Department may also refuse to issue a U.S. passport for your child. The Department may not, however, revoke a passport that has already been issued to the child. To inquire about a U.S. passport or to have your child's name entered into the name check system, mail or fax your request to: Office of Passport Policy and Advisory Services Passport Services, Suite 260 1111 19th Street, N.W. Washington, D.C. 20522-1705 Tel. (202) 955-0377 Fax (202) 955-0230 With your request, include your child's full name or names, date of birth, place of birth, and the address and telephone number(s) where you may be contacted. If there is a court order relating to the custody or travel of the child, include a complete copy. Foreign Passports the Problem of Dual Nationality Many U.S. citizen children who fall victim to international parental abduction possess dual nationality. While the Department of State will make every effort to avoid issuing a U.S. passport if the custodial parent has provided a custody decree, the Department cannot prevent embassies and consulates of other countries in the United States from issuing their passports to children who are also their nationals. You can, however, ask a foreign embassy or consulate not to issue a passport to your child. Send the embassy or consulate a written request, along with certified complete copies of any court orders addressing custody or the overseas travel of your child you have. In your letter, inform them that you are sending a copy of this request to the U.S. Department of State. If your child is only a U.S. citizen, you can request that no visa for that country be issued in his or her U.S. passport. No international law requires compliance with such requests, but some countries will comply voluntarily. PART II WHAT THE STATE DEPARTMENT CAN AND CANNOT DO WHEN A CHILD IS ABDUCTED ABROAD When a U.S. citizen child is abducted abroad, the State Department's Office of Children's Issues (CI) works with U.S. embassies and consulates abroad to assist the left-behind parent in a number of ways. There are, however, a number of things that we cannot do. WHAT THE STATE DEPARTMENT CAN DO: In cases where the Hague Convention on the Civil Aspects of International Child Abduction applies (see Part IV): -- assist parents in filing an application with foreign authorities for return of the child; -- In other cases, attempt to locate, visit and report on the child's general welfare; -- Provide the left-behind parent with information on the country to which the child was abducted, including its legal system, family laws, and a list of attorneys there willing to accept American clients; In all cases: -- provide a point of contact for the left-behind parent at a difficult time; -- Monitor judicial or administrative proceedings overseas; -- Assist parents in contacting local officials in foreign countries or contact them on the parent's behalf; -- Provide information concerning the need for use of federal warrants against an abducting parent, passport revocation, and extradition from a foreign country to effect return of a child to the U.S.; -- Alert foreign authorities to any evidence of child abuse or neglect. WHAT THE STATE DEPARTMENT CANNOT DO: -- Intervene in private legal matters between the parents; -- Enforce an American custody agreement overseas (U.S. custody decrees are not automatically enforceable outside of U.S. boundaries); -- Force another country to decide a custody case or enforce its laws in a particular way; -- Assist the left-behind parent in violating foreign laws or reabduction of a child to the United States; -- Pay legal or other expenses; -- Act as a lawyer or represent parents in court. PART III HOW TO SEARCH FOR A CHILD ABDUCTED ABROAD Note: If your child has been abducted to a country that is a party to the Hague Convention on International Child Abduction, see page 8 before you read further. As of January 1995, in addition to the United States, the following countries are party to the Convention: Argentina Finland Monaco Australia Former Yugoslav Republic Netherlands Austria of Macedonia New Zealand Bahamas France Norway Belize Germany Panama Bosnia-Hercegovina Greece Poland Burkina Faso Honduras Portugal Canada Hungary Romania Chile Ireland Spain Croatia Israel Sweden Cyprus Luxembourg Switzerland Denmark Mauritius United Kingdom Ecuador Mexico Where to Report Your Missing Child 1. If your child has been abducted, file a missing person report with your local police department and request that your child's name and description be entered into the "missing person" section of the National Crime Information Center (NCIC) computer. This is provided for under the Missing Children's Act of 1982. The abductor does not have to be charged with a crime when you file a missing person report. In addition, through INTERPOL, the international criminal police organization, your local police can request that a search for your child be conducted by the police in the country where you believe your child may have been taken. You may be able to achieve all of the above even if you do not have a custody decree. 2. Contact the National Center for Missing and Exploited Children (NCMEC) at 1-800-THE LOST/1-800-843-5678. With the searching parent's permission, the child's photograph and description may be circulated to the media in the country to which you believe the child may have been taken. At the same time that you report your child missing, you should contact a lawyer to obtain a custody decree if you do not already have one. In many states, a parent can obtain a temporary custody decree if the other parent has taken their child. 3. Request information about a possible U.S. passport and have your child's name entered into the U.S. passport name check system. A U.S. passport for a child under 18 years expires after 5 years. If you do not know where your child is, but information about the child is in the name check system, it may be possible to locate him or her through the passport application process. All U.S. passport agencies and almost all U.S. embassies and consulates are on-line with the name check system. 4. The Department of State, when requested to do so, conducts welfare and whereabouts searches for American citizens missing abroad. The Office of Children's Issues communicates such requests to the U.S. embassy or consulate responsible for the area to which you believe your child has been abducted. Call us on 202-736-7000 and have ready as much as you can of the following information on the child: -- full name (and any aliases), -- date and place of birth, -- passport number, date, and place of issuance; and on the abductor: -- full name (and any aliases), -- date and place of birth, -- passport number, date, and place of issuance, -- occupation, -- probable date of departure, -- flight information, -- details of ties to a foreign country, such as the names, addresses, and telephone numbers of friends, relatives, place of employment, or business connections there. A consular officer overseas, working with this information, will try to find your child. The consular officer may also request information from local officials on your child's entry or residence in the country. Unfortunately, not every country maintains such records in a retrievable form, and some countries may not release such information. We may also ask you for photographs of both your child and the abducting parent because these are often helpful to foreign authorities trying to find a missing child. The Search and Recovery--a Basic Guide It is possible that none of the institutions listed above (the police, the NCMEC, or the Department of State) will succeed in locating your child right away and you will need to carry out the search on your own. As you search, you should, however, keep these institutions informed of your actions and progress. This booklet attempts to cover the international aspects of your search and recovery effort, but for other information, you should have a more basic guide. The National Center for Missing and Exploited Children publishes Family Abduction: How to Prevent an Abduction and What to Do If Your Child Is Abducted. For a copy, call 1-800-843-5678 (or 703-235-3900), or write the NCMEC at: 2101 Wilson Boulevard, Suite 550; Arlington, VA 22201. This publication guides you through the U.S. legal system, helps you organize your search, and supplies a list of local support groups. We have relied heavily on the NCMEC guide for the following list of suggestions. Further Steps to Take in Your Search -- One of the best ways to find your child overseas is through establishing friendly contact with relatives and friends of the other parent, either here or abroad. You may have more influence with such persons than you suspect, and their interest in your child's welfare may lead them to cooperate with you. -- Under the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, the Office of Child Support Enforcement maintains the Federal Parent Locator Service (FPLS). The primary purpose of this service is to locate parents who are delinquent in child support payments, but the service will also search for parental abductors when requested to do so by an authorized person. Generally speaking, an authorized person is a state court judge, police officer, prosecutor, or other state official seeking to enforce a child custody order. Using the abductor's social security number, the FPLS searches the records maintained by such federal agencies as the Internal Revenue Service, Veterans Administration, Social Security Administration, Department of Defense, and the National Personnel Records Center and Department of Labor records. An abductor who has had a connection with any of the above might, even from abroad, renew a connection with one of them. To learn how to access the services of the FPLS, contact your local or state Child Support Enforcement office. These offices are listed under government listings in your telephone directory. -- To obtain information on requests that may have been made by the abductor to your child's school for the transfer of your child's records, you can contact the principal of the school. You will need to give the school a certified copy of your custody decree. -- You can find out from the National Center for Missing and Exploited Children how to prepare a poster on your child. A poster may assist foreign authorities in attempting to locate your child. -- You can ask your local prosecutor to contact the U.S. Postal Inspection Service to see if a 'mail cover' can be put on any address that you know of in the United States to which the abductor might write. -- You can ask local law enforcement authorities to obtain, by subpoena or search warrant, credit card records that may show where the abductor is making purchases. In the same manner, you can try to obtain copies of telephone company bills of the abductor's friends or relatives who may have received collect calls from the abductor. PART IV ONE POSSIBLE SOLUTION: THE HAGUE CONVENTION The most difficult and frustrating element for most parents whose child has been abducted abroad is that U.S. laws and court orders are not usually recognized in the foreign country and therefore are not directly enforceable abroad. Each sovereign country has jurisdiction within its own territory and over persons present within its borders, and no country can force another to decide cases or enforce laws within its confines in a particular way. The increase in international marriages since World War II increased international child custody cases to the point where 23 nations, meeting at the Hague Conference on Private International Law in 1976, agreed to seek a treaty to deter international child abduction. Between 1976 and 1980, the United States was a major force in preparing and negotiating the Hague Convention on the Civil Aspects of International Child Abduction. The Convention came into force for the United States on July 1, 1988, and applies to abductions or wrongful retentions between party countries that occurred on or after that date. In the United States, federal legislation, the International Child Abduction Remedies Act (P.L. 100-300), was enacted to implement the Convention in this country. The United States actively encourages other countries to become party to the Convention. As of January 1995, the Convention is also in effect between the United States and: Argentina Finland Monaco Australia Former Yugoslav Republic Netherlands Austria of Macedonia New Zealand Bahamas France Norway Belize Germany Panama Bosnia-Hercegovina Greece Poland Burkina Faso Honduras Portugal Canada Hungary Romania Chile Ireland Spain Croatia Israel Sweden Cyprus Luxembourg Switzerland Denmark Mauritius United Kingdom Ecuador Mexico Other countries are working toward ratification. Contact the Office of Children's Issues to learn if additional countries have joined. If your child has been abducted to a country that is not party to the Convention, see the section entitled "Legal Solutions in Countries Not Party to the Hague Convention." What Is Covered by the Convention The countries that are parties to the Convention have agreed that, subject to certain limited exceptions and conditions outlined below, a child who is habitually resident in one country that is a party to the Convention and who is removed to or retained in another country that is party to the Convention in breach of the left-behind parent's custody rights shall be promptly returned to the country of habitual residence. The Convention also provides a means for helping parents to exercise visitation rights abroad. There is a treaty obligation to return an abducted child below the age of 16 if application is made within one year from the date of the wrongful removal or retention. After one year, the court is still obligated to order the child returned unless the person resisting return demonstrates that the child is settled in the new environment. A court may refuse to order a child returned if there is a grave risk that the child would be exposed to physical or psychological harm or otherwise placed in an intolerable situation in his or her country of habitual residence. A court may also decline to return the child if the child objects to being returned and has reached an age and degree of maturity at which the court can take account of the child's views. Finally, the return of the child may be refused if the return would violate the fundamental principles of human rights and freedoms of the country where the child is being held. These exceptions have been interpreted narrowly by courts in the United States and the other countries party to the Convention. How to Invoke the Hague Convention You do not need to have a custody decree to invoke the Convention. However, to apply for the return of your child, you must have been actually exercising a "right of custody" at the time of the abduction, and you must not have given permission for the child to be removed or, in the case of a retention, to be retained beyond a specified, agreed-upon period of time. The Convention defines "rights of custody" as including "rights relating to the care of the person of the child and, in particular, the right to determine the child's place of residence." This "right of custody" may arise from operation of law as well as an order of custody. If there was no court order in effect at the date of the abduction, custodial rights are provided in the statutes of most states. You may apply for the return of your child or the ability to exercise your visitation rights. You can also ask for assistance in locating your child and for information on your child's welfare. Each country that is a party to the Convention has designated a Central Authority to carry out specialized duties under the Convention. You may submit an application either to the U.S. Central Authority or directly to the Central Authority of the country where the child is believed to be held. The Central Authority for the United States is the Department of State's Office of Children's Issues (CI). An application should be submitted as soon as possible after an abduction or wrongful retention has taken place. As stated above, there is a time factor of one year involved. If no custody decree exists for the left-behind parent, submit the application anyway. Detailed instructions to invoke the Hague Convention are found in Part VIII. The Role of the U.S. Central Authority CI will review your application to ensure that it complies with the Convention. If it does, we will forward it to the foreign Central Authority and work with that authority until your case is resolved. If the abducting parent does not voluntarily agree to the return of your child, you may be required to retain an attorney abroad to present your case under the Hague Convention to the foreign court. If you need to retain an attorney abroad, see Using the Civil Justice System How to Proceed. The Department of State cannot act as an agent or attorney in your case. We can, however, help in many other ways. We can give you information on the operating procedures of the Central Authority in the country where your child is believed to be located. We can help you obtain information concerning the wrongfulness of the abduction under the laws of the state in which the child resided prior to the abduction. At your request, we can ask for a status report six weeks after court action commences in the other country. The Central Authority in the country where your child is located, however, has the primary responsibility of responding to your application. In the words of the Convention, that country has agreed to "ensure that rights of custody and access under the law of one Contracting State are effectively respected in the other Contracting State." Good News Plus a Note of Caution for Applicants Under the Hague Convention The Hague Convention on International Child Abduction is a success story. It has improved the likelihood and speed of return of abducted or wrongfully retained children from countries that are party to the Convention. In addition, the Convention has begun to influence some non-Hague countries where courts now look for guidance to the non-hostile pattern of resolution employed in Hague cases. The Convention's increasing success is encouraging more countries to become party to the Convention. Twenty-seven countries have joined since the United States became the 10th country in July 1988. In addition, the reputation of the Hague Convention is such that, when an abducting or retaining parent learns that a Hague application has been filed, he or she may be more likely to return the child voluntarily. The majority of Hague cases still, however, require the applying parent to retain an attorney in the country where the child is located to petition that judiciary for return. A note of caution: Criminal charges may have a distorting effect on the operation of the Hague Convention and may even prove counterproductive. With the Hague Convention, the emphasis is on the swift return of a child to his or her place of habitual residence where the custody dispute can then be resolved, if necessary, in the courts of that jurisdiction. As a rule, therefore, it is advisable to await the outcome of return proceedings under the Convention before deciding whether to initiate criminal proceedings against the other parent. Some courts have denied return of children solely because the taking parent would be arrested if they accompanied the child home. Many of these courts, U.S. and foreign, have held that the arrest of the parent would expose the child to psychological harm (Article 13(b)). Children Abducted to the United States The U.S. Central Authority also handles cases of children abducted to the U.S., provided the case meets the requirements of the Hague application and the child's country. Child abduction information (more) title ojojU.S. DEPARTMENT OF STATE, BUREAU OF CONSULAR AFFAIRS INTERNATIONAL CHILD ABDUCTION JANUARY 1995 PART V LEGAL SOLUTIONS IN COUNTRIES NOT PARTY TO THE HAGUE CONVENTION If your child has been abducted to a country that is not a party to the Hague Convention, you can seek legal remedies against the abductor, in the United States and abroad, from both the civil and criminal justice systems. The family court system from which you get your custody decree is part of the civil justice system. At the same time you are using that system, you can also use the criminal justice system consisting of the police, prosecutors, and the FBI. We will discuss each system in turn. Using the Civil Justice System How To Proceed After you obtain a custody decree in the United States, your next step is to use the civil justice system in the country to which your child has been abducted. The Office of Children's Issues (CI) can provide information on the customs and the legal practices in the country where your child is. We can also give you general information on how to serve process abroad or obtain evidence from abroad, and on how to have documents authenticated for use in a foreign country. You may write or telephone CI for information sheets, such as: Retaining a Foreign Attorney, and Authentication (or Legalization) of Documents in the United States for Use Abroad. To obtain authoritative advice on the laws of a foreign country or to take legal action in that country, you should retain an attorney there. U.S. consular and diplomatic officers are prohibited by law from performing legal services (22 C.F.R. 92.81). We can, however, provide you with a list of attorneys in a foreign country who speak English, who may be experienced in parental child abduction or family law, and who have expressed a willingness to represent Americans abroad. U.S. embassies and consulates abroad prepare these lists. Cautionary note: Attorney fees can vary widely from country to country. The fee agreement that you make with your local attorney should be put into writing as soon as possible to avoid a potentially serious misunderstanding later. Although officers at U.S. embassies and consulates cannot take legal action on behalf of U.S. citizens, consular officers can assist in communication problems with a foreign attorney. Consular officers may at times be able to inquire about the status of proceedings in the foreign court, and they will coordinate with your attorney to ensure that your rights as provided for by the laws of that foreign country are respected. Once you retain a foreign attorney, send him or her a certified copy of your custody decree and/or state and federal warrants regarding the abducting parent. Also send copies of your state's laws on custody and parental kidnapping and the Federal Parental Kidnapping Prevention Act and copies of reported cases of your state's enforcement of foreign custody decrees under Section 23 of the Uniform Child Custody Jurisdiction Act. The National Center for Missing and Exploited Children can help you gather these materials. What Are Your Chances of Enforcing Your U.S. Custody Order Abroad? A custody decree issued by a court in the United States has no binding legal force abroad, although it may have persuasive force in some countries. Foreign courts decide child custody cases on the basis of their own domestic relations law. This may give a "home court" advantage to a person who has abducted a child to the country of his or her origin. You could also be disadvantaged if the country has a cultural bias in favor of a mother or a father. A U.S. custody decree may, however, be considered by foreign courts and authorities as evidence and, in some cases, it may be recognized and enforced by them on the basis of comity (the voluntary recognition by courts of one jurisdiction of the laws and judicial decisions of another). Your chances of having your U.S. court order enforced depend, to a large degree, upon the tradition of comity that the legal system of the country in question has with the U.S. legal system. CI can give you some information on these traditions. Using the Criminal Justice System: What Are the Risks? Law enforcement authorities in the United States and abroad may be valuable sources of information. However, formal resort to the criminal justice system (filing of charges, issuance of an arrest warrant, transmission of an extradition request to a foreign government under an applicable treaty, and criminal prosecution) should be considered carefully. As noted on page 8, this is especially true if the other country concerned is a party to the Hague Convention. You should be aware that while you may have a degree of control over the ongoing civil procedures, you may not be able to effect the pursuit of criminal actions once charges are filed. Check with the prosecutor to determine if your wishes would be considered in the criminal action. CI can obtain information on the criminal justice system of a particular country and on whether or not it is likely to cooperate in some form in parental child abduction cases. Your decision on whether or not to try to utilize the criminal justice system depends upon the circumstances of your case, but you should understand that you are likely to lose control of your case to a large extent when formal charges have been filed and an arrest warrant has been issued. You should also realize that extradition of the abductor to the United States is unlikely, and that neither extradition nor prosecution of the abductor guarantees the return of your child and may in some cases complicate, delay, or ultimately jeopardize return. Presumably, your overriding interest is to obtain the return of your child. That is not the primary responsibility of the prosecutors. When the criminal justice system becomes involved in a case, there are several interests at stake, some of which are in conflict: the interests of the child, the interests of each parent/guardian and other immediate family members, the interests of the civil justice system in a stable and workable custody arrangement, and the interests of the criminal justice system in apprehending, prosecuting, and punishing those who have violated criminal laws of their jurisdiction in connection with a parental child abduction. Another factor to consider is the possible reaction of the abductor to the filing of criminal charges and the threat of ultimate prosecution and punishment. Although some individuals might be intimidated enough to return the child (with or without agreement by the prosecutors to the condition that the charges be dropped), others might go deeper into hiding, particularly if they are in a country where they have family or community support. If an abductor is ultimately brought to trial, how far are you willing to go in pursuing criminal prosecution? Unless you are prepared to testify in court against the abductor, you should not pursue criminal prosecution. A final factor to consider is the effect on the child of seeing the abducting parent prosecuted and perhaps incarcerated, with you playing an active role in that process. The Steps To Take in Case You Decide to Use the Criminal Justice System Once you have a custody decree and have decided to pursue criminal remedies, you or your attorney may contact your local prosecutor or law enforcement authorities to request that the abducting parent be criminally prosecuted and that an arrest warrant be issued, if provided for by your state law. In some states, parental child abduction or custodial interference is a misdemeanor; however, in most states it is a felony. If you are able to obtain a state warrant, the local prosecutor can contact the F.B.I. or your state's U.S. Attorney to request the issuance of a Federal Unlawful Flight to Avoid Prosecution (UFAP) warrant for the arrest of the abductor. The Federal Parental Kidnapping Prevention Act of 1980 provides for the issuance of this warrant. Furthermore, the International Parental Kidnapping Crime Act of 1993 (H.R. 3378) makes it an offense to remove a child from the United States or retain a child (who has been in the United States) outside the United States with intent to obstruct the law from exercise of parental rights (custody or visitation). An unlawful retention after the date of enactment could violate the statute, even though the actual removal of the child occurred before the date of enactment. Once a warrant has been issued for the abductor's arrest, ask local law enforcement authorities or the F.B.I. to enter the abductor's name in the "wanted persons" section of the National Crime Information Center (NCIC) computer. Prosecution of Agents or Accomplices of the Abductor Find out if your state has laws that allow legal action to be taken against agents or accomplices to an abduction. Consider whether such actions would be useful in learning your child's whereabouts or compelling the return of your child. Implications of an Arrest Warrant for a U.S. Citizen If the abducting parent is a U.S. citizen and the subject of a federal arrest warrant, the F.B.I. or U.S. Attorney's office can ask the Department of State, Passport Services, to revoke the person's U.S. passport. This may or may not be a burden to an abducting parent who, as a dual national, may also carry a foreign passport. However, an abducting parent who is only a U.S. citizen becomes an undocumented alien in a foreign country if his or her U.S. passport is revoked. Some countries may deport undocumented aliens or at least make it difficult for them to remain in the country. For a U.S. passport to be revoked, the F.B.I. or U.S. Attorney must send a request for such action and a copy of the Federal warrant to the Department of State's Office of Passport Policy and Advisory Services (telephone 202-955-0377). The regulatory basis for revocation of passports is found in the Code of Federal Regulations: 22 C.F.R. 51.70, et seq. In certain circumstances you may decide that revoking the abducting parent's passport will not achieve the desired result. For example, if you know the location of the other parent, there is always the possibility of negotiation and a settlement or, at least, there is the possibility of communication with your child. Also, if the abducting parent is threatened with passport revocation, he or she might choose to flee with your child again. Implications of a Warrant for a Non-U.S. Citizen Even if the abductor is not a U.S. citizen, the existence of a Federal warrant is important. Such a warrant may encourage the abducting parent to return the child voluntarily, especially if he or she has business or other reasons to travel to the United States. The warrant also serves to inform the foreign government that the abduction of the child is a violation of U.S. law and that the abductor is a federal fugitive. An arrest warrant is also necessary if you wish to have authorities seek extradition of the abductor. The Possibility of Extradition Through INTERPOL and other international links, national law enforcement authorities in many countries regularly cooperate in the location and apprehension of international fugitives. Extradition, the surrender of a fugitive or prisoner by one jurisdiction for criminal prosecution or service of a sentence in another jurisdiction, is rarely a viable approach in international child abduction cases. Extradition is utilized only for criminal justice purposes in cases that local prosecutors believe can be successfully prosecuted due to the sufficiency of the evidence, which would presumably include your testimony. Moreover, it must be remembered that extradition does not apply to the abducted or wrongfully retained child, but only to the abductor. There is no guarantee that the child will be returned by foreign authorities in connection with extradition of the alleged wrongdoer. Threatened with impending extradition, abducting parents in other countries have hidden the child or children with a friend or relative in the foreign country. Another reason that extradition is seldom useful is that the offenses of parental child abduction or custodial interference are covered by only a few of the extradition treaties now in force between the United States and more than 100 foreign countries. Most of these treaties contain a list of covered offenses and were negotiated before international parental child abduction became a widely recognized phenomenon. With respect to these older treaties, there was thus no intent on the part of the negotiators to cover such conduct, and it cannot therefore be validly argued that parental child abduction is a covered extraditable offense, even if the language used in the list of offenses covered by a given treaty appears somewhat broad (e.g., "abduction" or "kidnapping" or "abduction/kidnapping of minors"). In negotiating more modern extradition treaties, the United States has tried to substitute a "dual criminality" approach for a rigid list of extraditable offenses, or at least has tried to combine the two. Under an extradition treaty with a dual criminality provision, an offense is covered if it is a felony in both countries. Accordingly, if the underlying conduct involved in parental child abduction or custodial interference is a felony in both the U.S. and foreign jurisdictions involved, then that conduct is an extraditable offense under an extradition treaty based on dual criminality. Despite the fact that parental child abduction may be covered by certain extradition treaties, you should be aware of potential difficulties in utilizing them, apart from the possible counterproductive effects already discussed. Specifically, nearly all civil law countries (in contrast with common law countries like the United States, United Kingdom, Canada, Australia) will not extradite their own nationals. Nearly all the nations of Latin America and Europe are civil law countries. Whatever the terms of any applicable extradition treaty, experience has also shown that foreign governments are generally reluctant at best (and often simply unwilling) to extradite anyone (their own citizens, U.S. citizens, or third country nationals) for parental child abduction. For extradition to be possible, therefore: --your local prosecutor must decide to file charges and pursue the case, and you probably must be prepared to testify in any criminal trial; --there must be an extradition treaty in force between the United States and the country in question; --the treaty must cover the conduct entailed in parental child abduction or custodial interference; --if the person sought is a national of the country in question, that country must be willing to extradite its own nationals; and, --the country in question must be otherwise willing to extradite persons for parental child abduction/custodial interference (i.e., not refuse to do so for "humanitarian" or other policy reasons). The Possibility of Prosecution of an Abductor in a Foreign Country A final possibility in the area of criminal justice is prosecution of the abductor by the authorities of the foreign country where he or she is found. In many countries (not the United States), nationals of the country can be prosecuted for acts committed abroad under the "nationality" basis for criminal jurisdiction, if the same conduct would constitute a criminal offense under local law. U.S. law enforcement authorities can request such a prosecution and forward the evidence that would have been used in a U.S. prosecution. U.S. witnesses may, of course, have to appear and testify in the foreign proceeding. Like the courses of action discussed above, this approach may be counterproductive and will not necessarily result in the return of the child. PART VI OTHER SOLUTIONS: SETTLING OUT OF COURT Promoting Communication Between Parents and Children Legal procedures can be long and expensive. You may have greater success working in the area of negotiation with the abducting parent. In some cases, friends or relatives of the abductor may be able to help you establish amicable relations with the abductor and may be willing to help mediate a compromise. A decrease in tension might bring about the return of your child, but, even if it does not, it can increase your chances of being able to visit the child and participate in some way in the child's upbringing. Sometimes compromise and some kind of reconciliation are the only solution. Obtaining Information on Your Child's Welfare If your child has been found, but cannot be recovered, you can request that a U.S. consular officer visit the child. If the consul succeeds in seeing your child, he or she will send you a report on your child's health, living conditions, schooling, and other information. Sometimes consular officers are also able to send you letters or photos from your child. If the abducting parent will not permit the consular officer to see your child, the U.S. embassy or consulate will request the assistance of local authorities, either to arrange for such a visit or to have a local social worker make a visit and provide a report on your child's health and welfare. Contact the Office of Children's Issues (CI) to request such a visit. Working With Foreign Authorities In child abduction cases, consular officers routinely maintain contact with local child welfare and law enforcement officers. If there is evidence of abuse or neglect of the child, the U.S. embassy or consulate will request that local authorities become involved to ensure the child is protected. This may mean removal of your child from the home for placement in local foster care. The Question of Desperate Measures/Reabduction Consular officers cannot take possession of a child abducted by a parent or aid parents attempting to act in violation of the laws of a foreign country. Consular officers must act in accordance with the laws of the country to which they are accredited. The Department of State strongly discourages taking desperate and possible illegal measures to return your child to the United States. If you are contemplating such desperate measures, you should read the information available from the National Center for Missing and Exploited Children about the emotional trauma inflicted on a child who is a victim of abduction and reabduction. The NCMEC advises against reabduction not only because it is illegal, but also because of possible psychological harm to the child. Attempts to use self-help measures to bring an abducted child to the United States from a foreign country may endanger your child and others, prejudice any future judicial efforts you might wish to make in that country to stabilize the situation, and result in your arrest and imprisonment in that country. In imposing a sentence, the foreign court will not necessarily give weight to the fact that the would-be abductor was the custodial parent in the United States or otherwise had a valid claim under a U.S. court order (e.g., failure of the foreign parent to honor the terms of a joint custody order). If you do succeed in leaving the foreign country with your child, you, and anyone who assisted you, may be the target of arrest warrants and extradition requests in the United States or any other country where you are found. Even if you are not ultimately extradited and prosecuted, an arrest followed by extradition proceedings can be very disruptive and disturbing for both you and your child. Finally, there is no guarantee that the chain of abductions would end with the one committed by you. A parent who has reabducted a child may have to go to extraordinary lengths to conceal his or her whereabouts, living in permanent fear that the child may be reabducted again. PART VII REFERENCE Directory -- Where to Go for Assistance Consular Assistance: Office of Children's Issues (CI) Overseas Citizens Services Department of State 220l C Street, N.W., Room 4817 Washington, D.C. 20520-4818 Phone: 202-736-7000 Fax: 202-647-2835 U.S. Passport Restrictions: Office of Passport Policy and Advisory Services Passport Services, Suite 260 Department of State 1111 19th Street, N.W. Washington, D.C. 20522-1705 Phone: 202-955-0377 Fax: 202-955-0230 For General Technical Assistance: National Center for Missing and Exploited Children (NCMEC) 2101 Wilson Boulevard, Suite 500 Arlington, VA 22201 Phone: 703-235-3900 24-hour hot line for emergencies: 1-800-843-5678 TTD: 1-800-826-7653 For ABA Publications: American Bar Association (ABA) 750 North Lake Shore Drive Chicago, IL 60611 Phone: 312-988-5555 Federal Parent Locator Service (FPLS): Note: The FPLS can be accessed through local and state Child Support Enforcement offices. The names of those offices are available in telephone books and from the address below. Department of Health and Human Services Office of Child Support Enforcement Federal Parent Locator Service (FPLS) 370 L'Enfant Promenade, S.W. Washington, D.C. 20447 Phone: 202-401-9267 Reading List This list was compiled in January 1995. It is intended to give some idea of the relevant literature, but you should not regard it as complete or authoritative. Atwood, "Child Custody Jurisdiction and Territoriality," 52 Ohio St. L.J. 369 (1991) Charlow, "Jurisdictional Gerrymandering and the Parental Kidnapping Prevention Act," 25 Fam. L.Q. 299 (1991) Copertino, "Hague Convention on the Civil Aspects of International Child Abduction: An Analysis of its Efficacy," 6 Conn. J. Int'l L. 715 (1991) Crawford, "Habitual Residence of the Child as the Connecting Factor in Child Abduction Cases: A Consideration of Recent Cases," 1992 Jurid. Rev. Crouch, "Use, Abuse, and Misuse of the UCCJA and PKPA," 6 Am. J. Fam. L. 147 (1992) Davis, "The New Rules on International Child Abduction: Looking Forward to the Past," 3 Aust'l J. Fam. L. 31 (1990) De Hart, International Child Abduction: A Guide to Applying the 1988 Hague Convention, with Forms (A publication of the Section of Family Law, American Bar Association) (1993) Edwards, "The Child Abduction Agony," 140 New L.J. 59 (1990) Evans, "International Child Abduction," 142 New L.J. 232 (1992) Frank, "American and International Responses to International Child Abductions," 16 N.Y.U. J. Int'l L. & Pol. 415 (1984) Girdner, "Obstacles to the Recovery and Return of Parentally Abducted Children," 13 Children's Legal Rts J. 2 (1992) Greif, When Parents Kidnap, The Families Behind the Headlines Hilton, "Handling a Hague Trial," 6 Am. J. Fam. L. 211 (1992) Hoff, Parental Kidnapping, How to Prevent an Abduction and What to Do If your Child Is Abducted (A publication of the National Center for Missing and Exploited Children. Kindall, "Treaties - Hague Convention on Child Abduction - Wrongful Removal - Grave Risk or Harm to Child" 83 Am. J. Int'l L. 586 (1989) Marks, "Fighting Back. The Attorney's Role in a Parental Kidnapping Case," 64 Fla. B.J. 23 (1990) Murray, "One Child's Odyssey Through the Uniform Child Custody Jurisdiction and Parental Kidnapping Prevention Acts," 1993 Wis. L. Rev. 589 Oberdorfer, "Toward a Reasoned Response to Parental Kidnapping," 75 Minn. L. Rev. 1701 (1991) Pfund, "The Hague Convention on International Child Abduction, the International Child Abduction Remedies Act, and the Need for Availability of Counsel for All Petitioners," 24 Fam. L.Q. 35 (1990) Rutherford, "Removing the Tactical Advantages of International Parental Child Abductions under the 1980 Hague Convention on the Civil Aspects of International Child Abductions," 8 Ariz. J. Int'l & Comp. L. 149 (1991) Sagatun, "Parental Child Abduction: The Law, Family Dynamics, and Legal System Responses," 18 Journal of Crim. Just. (1990) Sharpless, "The Parental Kidnapping Prevention Act: Jurisdictional Considerations Where There are Competing Child Custody Orders," 13 J. Juv. L. 54 (1992) Shirman, "International Treatment of Child Abduction and the 1980 Hague Convention," 15 Suffolk Transnat'l L.J. 222 (1991) Stotter, "The Light at the End of the Tunnel: The Hague Convention on International Child Abduction Has Reached Capitol Hill," 9 Hastings Int'l and Comp. L. Rev. 285 (1986) Stranko, "International Child Abduction Remedies," The Army Lawyer 28 (Department of the Army pamphlet 27-50-248, July 1993) Family Advocate, A Practical Journal of the American Bar Association Family Law Section, Spring 1987. (Special issue on divorce law around the world and international parental child abduction.) Family Advocate, A Practical Journal of the American Bar Association Family Law Section, Spring 1993. (Special issue on international family law.) Family Law Quarterly,, Spring 1994. (Special issue on international family law.) "The Hague International Child Abduction Convention and the International Child Abduction Remedies Act: Closing Doors to the Parent Abductor," 2 Transnat'l Law 589 (1989) "The Hague Convention on International Child Abduction: A Practical Application," 10 Loy. L.A. Int'l & Comp. L.J. 163 (1988) "International Child Abduction and the Hague Convention: Emerging Practice and Interpretation of the Discretionary Exception," 25 Tex. Int'l L.J. 287 (1990) "International Parental Child Abduction: The Need for Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign Custody Decrees," 3 Emory J. Int'l Dispute Resolution 205 (1989) "More Than Mere Child's Play: International Parental Abduction of Children," 6 Dick. L. Rev. 283 (1988) "You Must Go Home Again: Friedrich v. Friedrich, The Hague Convention and the International Child Abduction Remedies Act," 18 N.C. J. Int'l L. & Com. Reg. 743 (1993) U.S. Government Documents on the Hague Convention Department of State notice in the Federal Register of March 26, 1986, pp. 10494-10516. Senate Treaty Doc. 99-11, 99th Congress, 1st Session. For the legislative history of the International Child Abduction Remedies Act, Public Law 100-300, see S.1347 and H.R. 2673, and H.R. 3971- 3972, 100th Congress, and related hearing reports. Uniform State and Federal Laws on Custody, Parental Child Abduction, and Missing Children The Uniform Child Custody Jurisdiction Act of 1968 (UCCJA) is now the law, with some variations, in every state and the District of Columbia. The Act is intended to eliminate nationwide the legal incentives for interstate forum-shopping and child-snatching by parents, and to encourage communication, cooperation and assistance between state courts in the resolution of interstate child custody conflicts. Child abduction information (more) title !H!HU.S. DEPARTMENT OF STATE, BUREAU OF CONSULAR AFFAIRS INTERNATIONAL CHILD ABDUCTION JANUARY 1995 Section 23 of the UCCJA expressly provides that the general policies of the Act extend to the international arena. It further provides that custody decrees made in other countries by appropriate judicial or administrative authorities will be recognized and enforced in this country provided reasonable notice and opportunity to be heard were given to the affected persons. The Parental Kidnapping Prevention Act of 1980 (PKPA) (P.L. 96-611; 28 U.S.C. 1738A, 1738A Note; 18 U.S.C. 1073 Note; 42 U.S.C. 653-55, 663) requires the appropriate authorities of every state to enforce and not modify custody and visitation orders made by courts exercising jurisdiction consistent with standards set by the Act; authorizes the Federal Parental Locator Service to act on requests from authorized persons to locate the absconding parent and children who have been abducted or wrongfully retained; and expressly declares the intent of Congress that the Fugitive Felon Act applies to state felony cases involving parental kidnapping and interstate or international flight to avoid prosecutions. The state prosecutor may formally present a request to the local U.S. Attorney for a Federal Unlawful Flight to Avoid Prosecution (UFAP) warrant. The Missing Children's Act of 1982 (P.L. 97-292; 28 U.S.C. 534) provides for the entry of the names of missing children in the National Crime Information Center (NCIC). Since the enactment of P.L. 97-292, parents can ask their local police to enter their children's names into the NCIC computer and they can verify from the police or, if necessary, from the FBI that the names of their children are in the system. The Missing Children's Assistance Act of 1984 (P.L. 98-473; 42 U.S.C. 5771 et. seq.) authorized the establishment of a national clearinghouse (now the National Center for Missing and Exploited Children) to: -- Provide technical assistance to local and state governments, public and private nonprofit agencies, and individuals in locating and recovering missing children; -- Coordinate public and private efforts to locate, recover, or reunite missing children with their legal custodians; -- Operate a national toll-free hotline through which individuals can report information on the location of missing children or request information on procedures for reuniting children with their legal custodians; -- Disseminate information on innovative and model missing children's programs, services, and legislation; -- Provide technical assistance to law enforcement agencies, state and local governments, elements of the criminal justice system, public and private nonprofit agencies, and individuals in the prevention, investigation, prosecution, and treatment of missing and exploited children's cases. National Child Search Assistance Act (P.L. 101-647; 42 U.S.C. 5779, 5780) passed as part of the Crime Control Act of 1990, requires federal, state, and local law enforcement to enter reports of a missing child less than 18 and unidentified persons in the National Crime Information Center (NCIC). It provides for update of records with additional information within 60 days of the original entry, and it provides for close liaison between law enforcement and the National Center for Missing and Exploited Children for the exchange of information and technical assistance in missing children cases. PART VIII CHECKLIST FOR ASSISTANCE UNDER THE HAGUE CONVENTION To invoke the Hague Convention, submit two completed forms (one original and one copy), plus two copies of your supporting documents. The application form may be photocopied. Type or print all information. Furnish as much of the information called for as possible, using an additional sheet of paper if you need more space. If you have further questions about the form, you may wish to refer to the text of the Convention. You may also call the Office of Children's Issues (CI) at 202-736-7000. It is advisable to have some of the supporting documents translated into the official language of the requested country. Translations speed up the overall process. Foreign attorneys and judges act more favorably with such documents. Ask CI for more information about supporting documents. You may fax your Hague application to CI, fax number 202-647-2835. Send originals and supporting documents by mail, express mail, or courier service to: CA/OCS/CI, Room 4811, Department of State, Washington, D.C. 20520-4818. Be sure to sign the application. Checklist and Instructions for Completing the Hague Application Information Block and Details Needed I. Identity of Child and Parents Child Child's Name - The child's full name: last name, first, middle. Date of Birth - Month/Day/Year. Place of Birth - City/State/Country. Address - Child's address in the country of habitual residence before the abduction or removal. U.S. Social Security Number - If known. A nine-digit number: 000-00-0000. Passport/Identity Card - Issuing country and passport or I.D. number. Nationality - Include all nationalities of the child. Height - Feet and inches. Weight (and Sex) - Pounds. Please also include sex of child in this block. Color of Hair - Child's hair color. Color of Eyes - Include color photo, if available. Father Name - Full name of father, including alternative spellings of family names. Date of Birth - of father. Place of Birth - of father. Nationality - of father. Include all nationalities. Occupation - of father. Passport/Identity Card - of father. Issuing country and number. Current Address - of father. Include zipcode as well as and Telephone telephone and fax numbers for work and home. U.S. Social Security Number - of father. Country of Habitual - of the father before the abduction or retention. Residence Mother Name - Full name of mother of child, including maiden name. Date of Birth - of mother. Place of Birth - of mother. Nationality - of mother. Include all nationalities. Passport/Identity Card - of mother. Issuing country and number. Current Address - of mother. Include zipcode as well as and Telephone telephone and fax numbers for work and home. Occupation - of mother. U.S. Social Security Number - of mother. Country of Habitual Residence - of the mother before the abduction or retention. Date and Place of Marriage - Indicate dates and location of marriage and divorce and Divorce of the parents of the child. It is important to clearly state the marital status at the time of the abduction or retention. II. Requesting Individual or Institution This section is for information concerning the person or institution applying for the return of the child to the United States. Name - Provide the full name of the person or institution asking for the child to be returned. Nationality - of the requester. Occupation - of the requester (if a person). Current Address and Telephone - of requester. Include home, work and fax number. Passport/Identity Card - of requester. (if a person). Country of Habitual Residence - of requester. (if a person). Relationship to Child - of requester. Name, Address, and Tel. - Include zipcode as well as telephone and fax of Legal Advisor, if any numbers. III. Information Concerning the Person Alleged to Have Wrongfully Removed or Retained Child The information about the abducting parent is needed to assist in locating the child. Please provide all requested information and any additional facts that may help find the child. Name - Full name of parent who has abducted or wrongfully retained the child. Known Aliases - of the abductor. Any other names the abductor may use. Date of Birth - of the abductor. Place of Birth - of the abductor. Nationality - of the abductor. Include all nationalities. Occupation, Name and - of the abductor since the removal. Provide Address of Employer any employment information that may be helpful in locating the abductor, such as names, addresses and telephone numbers of relatives and or friends of the abducting parent who could help locate child(ren). Passport/Identity Card - of the abductor. Country and number. U.S. Social Security Card Number - of the abductor. Current Location or Last - of the abductor in the country were the child Known Address was taken. Note: NOT IN THE U.S. Height - of the abductor. Weight - of the abductor. Color of Hair - of the abductor. Color of Eyes - of the abductor. Include photo, if available. Other Persons With - Provide the name, address and telephone Possible Additional numbers of anyone in the country to which Information Relating the child was taken who could give the to the Whereabouts Central Authority in that country information of the Child on the child's location. IV. Time, Place, Date, and Circumstances of the Removal or Retention Provide the date, to the best of your knowledge, that the child left the U.S. or when the wrongful retention began. Include the place from which the child was taken. Describe the legal relationship existing between you and the abducting parent when the child was removed. What were the circumstances when the removal or retention occurred? Did the other parent take the child during a scheduled visitation? Did the other parent take the child for what you believed would be a short visit and then inform you that they were staying? Did they purchase round-trip air tickets to show that they intended to return? Had you and your family moved to the other country, and then you decided to return to the United States? Take this opportunity to tell your story. Try to anticipate what claims the other parent may make and provide your explanation. Do not limit yourself to the space provided on the form. Additional pages may be attached to fully narrate the circumstances. However, please be concise. V. Factual or Legal Grounds Justifying Request Provide information and documentation establishing that you were exercising a right of custody under the Hague Convention at the time of the child's removal. Generally, a right of custody is created by a custody order, when parents are divorced, or by operation of state law, when parents are still married when the child is taken. The Convention defines "rights of custody" as including "rights relating to the care of the child and, in particular, the right to determine the child's place of residence." Thus, you may have a "right of custody" under the Convention even if you do not have court-ordered joint or sole custody of the child. If there is no applicable court or, please provide a copy of the state statute or case law that establishes your right of custody at the time of the child's removal. This provision is sometimes found in the estate and wills section of the state code. Remember, you are not attempting to show that you would have an equal right to obtain custody in a subsequent custody proceeding, but that you had and were exercising a right of custody when the child was taken. Do NOT wait to get a custody order before filing a Hague application. VI. Civil Proceeding in Progress, If Any Indicate any civil action that may be pending (i.e.. custody, divorce). Name court and hearing dates. VII. Child Is to Be Returned To: Name - of person to whom child will be returned. Date of Birth - of person to whom child will be returned. Place of Birth - of person to whom child will be returned. Address - of person to whom child will be returned. Telephone Number(s) - of person to whom child will be returned. Proposed Arrangements - Provide exact means by which you propose that for Return Travel of the child return to the U.S., if this is ordered. the Child Would you travel to pick up the child? Is the child old enough to travel by him or herself? Do you have someone who could return with the child? Be specific. VIII. Other Remarks State here whether you are applying for return or access under the Convention. You should include here any additional information that you believe may be pertinent to the Hague application. IX. Documents Attached Check boxes of items enclosed. Original certified copies of documents are NOT needed to apply under the Hague Convention. Sign and date the application. PART IX ABDUCTION -- CHECKLIST FOR PARENTS Your situation is difficult, but there are things that you can do. This list assumes that you know, or strongly suspect, that your child has been abducted abroad to a country that is not a party to the Hague Convention on International Child Abduction. If the country is a party to the Hague Convention, call the Office of Children's Issues (CI) to determine if your situation meets the requirements of the Convention. 1. Emergency Action -- What to do Right Away If you do not know where your child is, have you filed a missing person report with your local police department? Have you reported the abduction to the National Center for Missing and Exploited Children? Have you obtained a decree of sole custody or one that prohibits your child from traveling without your permission? In most states, you can obtain such a decree even after a child is abducted. A custody decree in your favor is necessary for any legal action (except in Hague cases). Have you requested a U.S. passport search andhas your child's name been entered in the U.S. passport name check system? If your child is a dual national, have the embassy and consulates of the foreign country been informed of your custody decree and asked not to issue a foreign passport to your child? If your child is only a U.S. citizen but the other parent has close ties to a particular country, have the embassy and consulates of that country been informed of your custody decree and asked not to issue a visa to your child? Have you asked the Department of State's Office of Children's Issues to initiate a welfare and whereabouts search for your child overseas? 2. The Search Have you obtained certified copies of your custody decree from the court that issued it? You may need to furnish proof of your custody rights at various stages in your search and recovery effort. Have you obtained a copy of the National Center for Missing and Exploited Children's publication, Family Abduction: How to Prevent an Abduction and What to Do If Your Child Is Abducted? Have you tried to establish contact with relatives or friends of the abducting parent? Have local law enforcement authorities asked the Federal Parent Locator Service to search for the abducting parent? Have you contacted the principal of your child's school and asked to be informed of requests for transfer of your child's school records? Have you prepared a poster of your child? Have you asked local law enforcement authorities to ask the U.S. Postal Inspection Service to put a 'mail cover' on addresses in the U.S. to which the abductor might write? Have you asked local law enforcement authorities to help you obtain information from telephone and credit card companies on the whereabouts of the abductor? 3. After Your Child Has Been Located Abroad Have you retained the services of a foreign attorney? Have you sent certified copies of the custody decree, court orders, state and federal warrants, as well as copies of state custody and parental child abduction laws and the Federal Parental Kidnapping Prevention Act to the foreign attorney? Have you read Part VI of this booklet, "Other Solutions"? 4. Legal Proceedings: Possible Criminal Remedies Is parental child abduction a crime in the state where your child resides or was abducted? Has a state warrant been issued for the arrest of the abductor? Has a Federal warrant been issued for the arrest of the abductor? If a warrant has been issued, has the abductor's name been entered in the wanted persons section of the National Crime Information Center (NCIC) computer? Is it possible or useful to take legal action against agents or accomplices to the abduction? If the abductor is a U.S. citizen, have you considered asking U.S. law enforcement officials to have his or her U.S. passport revoked? Would extradition of the abductor, if possible, be effective in your case? (###) Department of State Publication 10210 Bureau of Consular Affairs Revised January 1995 The information in this publication is in the public domain and may be reproduced without permission. When this material is reproduced, the Department of State would appreciate receiving a copy at: CA/P/PA - Room 6831, Department of State, Washington, DC 20520-4818. (###) The Hague Convention title gTEXT OF HAGUE CONVENTION CONVENTION ON THE CIVIL ASPECTS OF INTERNATIONAL CHILD ABDUCTION (Consular Affairs Topics) The States signatory to the present Convention, Firmly convinced that the interests of children are of paramount importance in matters relating to their custody, Desiring to protect children internationally from the harmful effects of their wrongful removal or retention and to establish procedures to ensure their prompt return to the State of habitual residence, as well as to secure protection for rights of access, Have resolved to conclude a Convention to this effect, and have agreed upon the following provisions - CHAPTER I - SCOPE OF THE CONVENTION Article 1 The objects of the present Convention are - (a) to secure the prompt return of children wrongfully removed to or retained in any Contracting State; and (b) to ensure that rights of custody and of access under the law of one Contracting State are effectively respected in the other Contracting States. Article 2 Contracting States shall take all appropriate measures to secure within their territories the implementation of the objects of the Convention. For this purpose they shall use the most expeditious procedures available. Article 3 The removal or the retention of a child is to be considered wrogful where - (a) it is in breach of right of custody attributed to a person, an institution or any other body, either jointly or alone, under the law of the State in which the child was habitually resident immediately before the removal or retention; and (b) at the time of removal or retention those rights were actually exercised, either jointly or alone, or would have been so exercised but for the removal of retention. The rights of custody mentioned in sub-paragraph (a) above, may arise in particular by operation of law or by reason of a judicial or administrative decision, or by reason of an agreement having legal effect under the law of that State. Article 4 The Convention shall apply to any child who was habitually resident in a Contracting State immediately before any breach of custody or access rights. The Convention shall cease to apply when the child attains the age of 16 years. Article 5 For the purposes of this Convention - (a) "rights of custody" shall include rights relating to the care of the person of the child and, in particular, the right to determine the child's place of residence; (b) "rights of access" shall include the right to take a child for a limited period of time to a place other than the child's habitual residence. CHAPTER II - CENTRAL AUTHORITIES Article 6 A Contracting State shall designate a Central Authority to discharge the duties which are imposed by the Convention upon such authorities. Federal States, States with more than one system of law or States having autonomous territorial organizations shall be free to appoint more than one Central Authority and to specify the territorial extent of their powers. Where a State has appointed more than one Central Authority, it shall designate the Central Authority to which applications may be addressed for transmission to the appropriate Central Authority with that State. Article 7 Central Authorities shall co-operate with each other and promote co-operation amongst the competent authorities in their respective States to secure the prompt return of children and to achieve the other objects of this Convention. In particular, either directly or through any intermediary, they shall take all appropriate measures - (a) to discover the whereabouts of a child who has been wrongfully removed or retained; (b) to prevent further harm to the child or prejudice to interested parties by taking or causing to be taken provisional measures; (c) to secure the voluntary return of the child or to bring about an amicable resolution of the issues; (d) to exchange, where desirable, information relating to the social background of the child; (e) to provide information of a general character as to the law of their State in connection with the application of the Convention; (f) to initiate or facilitate the institution of judicial or administrative proceedings with a view to obtaining the return of the child and, in a proper case, to make arrangements for organizing or securing the effective exercise of rights of access; (g) where the circumstances so require, to provide or facilitate the provision of legal aid and advice, including the participation of legal counsel and advisers; (h) to provide such administrative arrangements as may be necessary and appropriate to secure the safe return of the child; (i) to keep each other informed with respect to the operation of this Convention and, as far as possible, to eliminate any obstacles to its application. CHAPTER III - RETURN OF CHILDREN Article 8 Any person, institution or other body claiming that a child has been removed or retained in breach of custody rights may apply either to the Central Authority of the child's habitual residence or the the Central Authority of any other Contracting State for assistance in securing the return of the child. The application shall contain - (a) information concerning the identity of the applicant, of the child and of the person alleged to have removed or retained the child; (b) where available, the date of birth of the child; (c) the grounds on which the applicant's claim for return of the child is based; (d) all available information relating to the whereabouts of the child and the identity of the person with whom the child is presumed to be. The application may be accompanied or supplemented by - (e) an authenticated copy of any relevant decision or agreement; (f) a certificate or an affidavit emanating from a Central Authority, or other competent authority of the State of the child's habitual residence, or from a qualified person, concerning the relevant law of that State; (g) any other relevant document. Article 9 If the Central Authority which receives an application referred to in Article 8 has reason to believe that the child is in another Contracting State, it shall directly and without delay transmit the application to the Central Authority of that Contracting State and inform the requesting Central Authority, or the applicant, as the case may be. Article 10 The Central Authority of the State where the child is shall take or cause to be taken all appropriate measures in order to obtain the voluntary return of the child. Article 11 The judicial or administrative authorities of Contracting States shall act expeditiously in proceedings for the return of children. If the judicial or administrative authority concerned has not reached a decision within six weeks from the date of commencement of the proceedings, the applicant or the Central Authority of the requested State, on its own initiative or if asked by the Central Authority of the requesting State, shall have the right to request a statement of the reasons of delay. If a reply is received by the Central Authority of the requested State, that Authority shall transmit the reply to the Central Authority of the requesting State, or to the applicant, as the case may be. Article 12 Where a child has been wrongfully removed or retained in terms of Article 3 and, at the date of the commencement of the proceedings before the judicial or administrative authority of the Contracting State where the child is, a period of less than one year has elapsed from the date of the wrongful removal or retention, the authority concerned shall order the return of the child forthwith. The judicial or administrative authority, even where the proceedings have been commenced after the expiration of the period of one year referred to in the preceding paragraph, shall also order the return of the child, unless it is demonstrated that the child is now settled in its new environment. Where the judicial or administrative authority in the requested State has reason to believe that the child has been taken to another State, it may stay the proceedings or dismiss the application for the return of the child. Article 13 Notwithstanding the provisions of the preceding Article, the judicial or administrative authority of the requested State is not bound to order the return of the child if the person, institution or other body which opposes its return establishes that - (a) the person, institution or other body having the care of the person of the child was not actually exercising the custody rights at the time of removal or retention, or had consented to or subsequently acquiesced in the removal or retention; or (b) there is a grave risk that his or her return would expose the child to physical or psychological harm or otherwise place the child in an intolerable situation. The judicial or administrative authority may also refuse to order the return of the child if it finds that the child objects to being returned and has attained an age and degree of maturity at which it is appropriate to take account of its views. In considering the circumstances referred to in this Article, the judicial and administrative authorities shall take into account the information relating to the social background of the child provided by the Central Authority or other competent authority of the child's habitual residence. Article 14 In ascertaining whether there has been a wrongful removal or retention within the meaning of Article 3, the judicial or administrative authorities of the requested State may take notice directly of the law of, and of judicial and administrative decisions, formally recognized or not in the State of the habitual residence of the child, without recourse to the specific procedures for the proof of that law or for the recognition of foreign decisions which would otherwise be applicable. Article 15 The judicial or administrative authorities of a Contracting State may, prior to the making of an order for the return of the child, request that the applicant obtain from the authorities of the State of the habitual residence of the child a decision or other determination that the removal or retention was wrongful within the meaning of Article 3 of the Convention, where such a decision or determination may be obtained in that State. The Central Authorities of the Contracting States shall so far as practicable assist applicants to obtain such a decision or determination. Article 16 After receiving notice of a wrongful removal or retention of a child in the sense of Article 3, the judicial or administrative authorities of the Contracting State to which the child has been removed or in which it has been retained shall not decide on the merits of rights of custody until it has been determined that the child is not to be returned under this Convention or unless an application under this Convention is not lodged within a reasonable time following receipt of the notice. Article 17 The sole fact that a decision relating to custody has been given in or is entitled to recognition in the requested State shall not be a ground for refusing to return a child under this Convention, but the judicial or administrative authorities of the requested State may take account of the reasons for that decision in applying this Convention. Article 18 The provisions of this Chapter do not limit the power of a judicial or administrative authority to order the return of the child at any time. Article 19 A decision under this Convention concerning the return of the child shall not be taken to be a determination on the merits of any custody issue. Article 20 The return of the child under the provisions of Article 12 may be refused if this would not be permitted by the fundamental principles of the requested State relating to the protection of human rights and fundamental freedoms. CHAPTER IV - RIGHTS OF ACCESS Article 21 An application to make arrangements for organizing or securing the effective exercise of rights of access may be presented to the Central Authorities of the Contracting States in the same way as an application for the return of a child. The Central Authorities are bound by the obligations of co-operation which are set forth in Article 7 to promote the peaceful enjoyment of access rights and the fulfillment of any conditions to which the exercise of those rights may be subject. The Central Authorities shall take steps to remove, as far as possible, all obstacles to the exercise of such rights. The Central Authorities, either directly or through intermediaries, may initiate or assist in the institution of proceedings with a view to organizing or protecting these rights and securing respect for conditions to which the exercise of these rights may be subject. CHAPTER V - GENERAL PROVISIONS Article 22 No security, bond or deposit, however described, shall be required to guarantee the payment of costs and expenses in the judicial or administrative proceedings falling within the scope of this Convention. Article 23 No legalization or similar formality may be required in the context of this Convention. Article 24 Any application, communication or other document sent to the Central Authority of the requested State shall be in the original language, and shall be accompanied by a translation into the official language or one of the official languages of the requested State or, where that is not feasible, a translation into French or English. However, a Contracting State may, by making a reservation in accordance with Article 42, object to the use of either French or English, but not both, in any application, communication or other document sent to its Central Authority. Article 25 Nationals of the Contracting States and persons who are habitually resident within those States shall be entitled in matters concerned with the application of this Convention to legal aid and advice in any other Contracting State on the same conditions as if they themselves were nationals of and habitually resident in that State. Article 26 Each Central Authority shall bear its own costs in applying this Convention. Central Authorities and other public services of Contracting States shall not impose any charges in relation to applications submitted under this Convention. In particular, they may not require any payment from the applicant towards the costs and expenses of the proceedings or, where applicable, those arising from the participation of legal counsel or advisers. However, they may require the payment of the expenses incurred or to be incurred in implementing the return of the child. However, a Contracting State may, by making a reservation in accordance with Article 42, declare that it shall not be bound to assume any costs referred to in the preceding paragraph resulting from the participation of legal counsel or advisers or form court proceedings, except insofar as those costs may be covered by its system of legal aid and advice. Upon ordering the return of the child or issuing an concerning rights of access under this Convention, the judicial or administrative authorities may, where appropriate, direct the person who removed or retained the child, or who prevented the exercise of rights of access, to pay necessary expenses incurred or payments made for locating the child, the costs of legal representation of the applicant, and those of returning the child. Article 27 When it is manifest that the requirements of this Convention are not fulfilled or that the application is otherwise not well founded, a Central Authority is not bound to accept the application. In that case, the Central Authority shall forthwith inform the applicant or the Central Authority through which the application was submitted, as the case may be, of its reasons. Article 28 A Central Authority may require that the application be accompanied by a written authorization empowering it to act on behalf of the applicant, or to designate a representative so to act. Article 29 This Convention shall not preclude any person, institution or body who claims that there has been a breach of custody or access rights within the meaning of Article 3 or 21 from applying directly to the judicial or administrative authorities of a Contracting State, whether or not under the provisions of this Convention. Article 30 Any application submitted to the Central Authorities or directly to the judicial or administrative authorities of a Contracting State in accordance with the terms of this Convention, together with documents and any other information appended thereto or provided by a Central Authority, shall be admissible in the courts or administrative authorities of the Contracting States. Article 31 In relation to a State which in matters of custody of children has two or more systems of law applicable in different territorial units - (a) any reference to habitual residence in that State shall be construed as referring to habitual residence in a territorial unit of that State; (b) any reference to the law of the State of habitual residence shall be construed as referred to the law of the territorial unit in that State where the child habitually resides. Article 32 In relation to a State which in matters of custody of children has two or more systems of law applicable to different categories of persons, any reference to the law of that State shall be construed as referring to the legal system specified by the law of that State. Article 33 A State within which different territorial units have their own rules of law in respect of custody of children shall not be bound to apply this Convention where a State with a unified system of law would not be bound to do so. Article 34 This Convention shall take priority in matters within its scope over the "Convention of 5 October 1961 concerning the powers of authorities and the law applicable in respect of the protection of minors." as between Parties to both Conventions. Otherwise the present Convention shall not restrict the application of an international instrument in force between the State of origin and the State addressed or other law of the State addressed for the purposes of obtaining the return of a child who has been wrongfully removed or retained or of organizing access rights. Article 35 This Convention shall apply as between Contracting States only to wrongful removals or retentions occurring after its entry into force in those States. Where a declaration has been made under Article 39 or 40, the reference in the preceding paragraph to a Contracting State shall be taken to refer to the territorial unit or units in relation to which this Convention applies. Article 36 Nothing in this Convention shall prevent two or more Contracting States, in order to limit the restrictions to which the return of the child may be subject, from agreeing among themselves to derogate from any provisions of this Convention which may imply such a restriction. CHAPTER VI - FINAL CLAUSES Article 37 The Convention shall be open for signature by the States which were Member of the Hague Conference on Private International Law at the time of its Fourteenth Session. It shall be ratified, accepted or approved and the instruments of ratification, acceptance or approval shall be deposited with the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Kingdom of the Netherlands. Article 38 Any other State may accede to the Convention. The instrument of accession shall be deposited with the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Kingdom of the Netherlands. The Convention shall enter into force for a State acceding to it on the first day of the third calendar month after the deposit of its instrument of accession. The accession will have effect only as regards the relations between the acceding State and such Contracting States as will have declared their acceptance of the accession. Such a declaration will also have to be made by any Member State ratifying, accepting or approving the Convention after an accession. Such declaration shall be deposited at the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Kingdom of the Netherlands; this Ministry shall forward, through diplomatic channels, a certified copy to each of the Contracting States. The Convention will enter into force between the acceding State and the State that has declared its acceptance of the accession on the first day of the third calendar month after the deposit of the declaration of acceptance. Article 39 Any State may, at the time of signature, ratification, acceptance, approval or accession, declare that the Convention shall extend to all the territories for the international relations of which it is responsible, or to one or more of them. Such a declaration shall take effect at the time the Convention enters into force for that State. Such declaration, as well as any subsequent extension, shall be notified to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Kingdom of the Netherlands. Article 40 If a Contracting State has two or more territorial units in which different systems of law are applicable in relation to matters dealt with in this Convention, it may at the time of signature, ratification, acceptance, approval or accession declare that this Convention shall extend to all its territorial units or only to one or more of them and may modify this declaration by submitting another declaration at any time. Any such declaration shall be notified to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Kingdom of the Netherlands and shall state expressly the territorial units to which the Convention applies. Article 41 Where a Contracting State has a system of government under which executive, judicial and legislative powers are distributed between central and other authorities within that State, its signature or ratification, acceptance or approval of, or accession to this Convention, or its making of any declaration in terms of Article 40 shall carry no implication as to the internal distribution of powers within that State. Article 42 Any State may, not later than the time of ratification, acceptance, approval or accession, or at the time of making a declaration in terms of Article 39 or 40, make one or both of the reservations provided for in Article 24 and Article 26, third paragraph. No other reservation shall be permitted. Any State may at any time withdraw a reservation it has made. The withdrawal shall be notified to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Kingdom of the Netherlands. The reservation shall cease to have effect on the first day of the third calendar month after the notification referred to in the preceding paragraph. Article 43 The Convention shall enter into force on the first day of the third calendar month after the deposit of the third instrument of ratification, acceptance, approval or accession referred to in Articles 37 and 38. Thereafter the Convention shall enter into force - (1) for each State ratifying, accepting, approving or acceding to it subsequently, on the first day of the third calendar month after the deposit of its instrument of ratification, acceptance, approval or accession; (2) for any territory or territorial unit to which the Convention has been extended in conformity with Article 39 or 40, on the first day of the third calendar month after the notification referred to in that Article. Article 44 The Convention shall remain in force for five years from the date of its entry into force in accordance with the first paragraph of Article 43 even for States which subsequently have ratified, accepted, approved or acceded to it. If there has been no denunciation, it shall be renewed tacitly every five years. Any denunciation shall be notified to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Kingdom of the Netherlands at least six months before the expiry of the five year period. It may be limited to certain of the territories or territorial units to which the Convention applies. The denunciation shall have effect only as regards the State which has notified it. The Convention shall remain in force for the other Contracting States. Article 45 The Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Kingdom of the Netherlands shall notify the States Members of the Conference, and the States which have acceded in accordance with Article 38, of the following - (1) the signatures and ratifications, acceptances and approvals referred to in Article 37; (2) the accessions referred to in Article 38; (3) the date on which the Convention enters into force in accordance with Article 43; (4) the extensions referred to in Article 39; (5) the declarations referred to in Articles 38 and 40; (6) the reservations referred to in Article 24 and 26, third paragraph, and the withdrawals referred to in Article 42; (7) the denunciations referred to in Article 44. In witness whereof the undersigned, being duly authorized thereto, have signed this Convention. Done at The Hague, on the 25th day of October, 1980, in the English and French languages, both texts being equally authentic, in a single copy which shall be deposited in the archives of the Government of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, and of which a certified copy shall be sent, through diplomatic channels, to each of the States Members of the Hague Conference on Private International Law at the date of its Fourteenth Session. HAGUE CONVENTION ON THE CIVIL ASPECTS OF INTERNATIONAL CHILD ABDUCTION PARTY COUNTRIES AND EFFECTIVE DATES WITH U.S. Australia Canada France Hungary Luxembourg Portugal Spain Switzerland United Kingdom United States 7/1/88 Austria 10/1/88 Norway 4/1/89 Sweden 6/1/89 Belize 9/1/89 Netherlands 9/1/90 Germany 12/1/90 Argentina 6/1/91 Denmark 7/1/91 New Zealand 10/1/91 Mexico 10/1/91 Ireland 10/1/91 Israel 10/1/91 N.B. - Effective dates are important because Convention is NOT retroactive. N.B. - Effective dates are important because Convention is NOT retroactive. Citizenship title POSSIBLE LOSS OF U.S. CITIZENSHIP (Consular Affairs Topics) The Department of State is responsible for determining the citizenship status of a person located outside the United States or in connection with the application for a U.S. passport while in the United States. POTENTIALLY EXPATRIATING STATUTES Section 349 of the Immigration and Nationality Act, as amended, states that U.S. citizens are subject to loss of citizenship if they perform certain acts voluntarily and with the intention to relinquish U.S. citizenship. Briefly stated, these acts include: (1) Obtaining naturalization in a foreign state; (2) Taking an oath, affirmation or other formal declaration to a foreign state or its political subdivisions; (3) Entering or serving in the armed forces of a foreign state engaged in hostilities against the U.S. or serving as a commissioned or non-commissioned officer in the armed forces of a foreign state; (4) Accepting employment with a foreign government if (a) one has the nationality of that foreign state or (b) a declaration of allegiance is required in accepting the position; (5) Formally renouncing U.S. citizenship before a U.S. consular officer outside the United States; (6) Formally renouncing U.S. citizenship within the United States (only "in time of war"); (7) Conviction for an act of treason. ADMINISTRATIVE STANDARD OF EVIDENCE As already noted, the action listed above can cause loss of U.S citizenship only if performed voluntarily and with the intention of relinquishing U.S. citizenship. THE DEPARTMENT HAS A UNIFORM ADMINISTRATIVE STANDARD BASED ON THE PREMISE THAT U.S. CITIZENS INTEND TO RETAIN UNITED STATES CITIZENSHIP WHEN THEY OBTAIN NATURALIZATION IN A FOREIGN STATE, SUBSCRIBE TO ROUTINE DECLARATIONS OF ALLEGIANCE TO A FOREIGN STATE, OR ACCEPT NON-POLICY LEVEL EMPLOYMENT WITH A FOREIGN GOVERNMENT. DISPOSITION OF CASES WHEN ADMINISTRATIVE PREMISE IS APPLICABLE In light of the administrative premise discussed above, a person who: (1) is naturalized in a foreign country; (2) takes a routine oath of allegiance; or (3) accepts non-policy level employment with a foreign government and in so doing wishes to retain U.S. citizenship need not submit prior to the commission of a potentially expatriating act a statement or evidence of his or her intent to retain U.S. citizenship since such an intent will be presumed. When such cases come to the attention of a U.S. consular officer, the person concerned will be asked to comlete a questionnaire to ascertain his or her intent toward U.S. citizehsip. Unless the person affirmatively asserts in the questionnaire that it was his or her intention to relinquish U.S. citizenship, the consular officer will certify that it was NOT the person's intent to relinquish U.S. citizenship and, consequently, find that the person has retained U.S. citizenship. DISPOSITION OF CASES WHEN ADMINISTRATIVE PREMISE IS INAPPLICABLE The premise that a person intends to retain U.S. citizenship is NOT applicable when the individual: (1) formally renounces U.S. citizenship before a consular officer; (2) takes a policy level position in a foreign state; (3) is convicted of treason; or (4) performs an act made potentially expatriating by statute accompanied by conduct which is so inconsistent with retention of U.S. citizenship that it compels a conclusion that the individual intended to relinquish U.S. citizenship. (Such cases are very rare.) Cases in categories 2, 3, and 4 will be developed carefully by U.S. consular officers to ascertain the individual's intent toward U.S. citizenship. PERSONS WHO WISH TO RELINQUISH An individual who has performed ANY of the acts made potentially expatriating by statute who wishes to lose U.S. citizenship may do so by affirming in writing to a U.S. consular officer that the act was performed withan intent to relinquish U.S. citizenship. Of course, a person always has the option of seeking to formally renounce U.S. citizenship in accordance with Section 349(a)(5) INA. APPLICABILITY OF ADMINISTRATIVE PREMISE TO PAST CASES The premise established by the administrative standard of evidence is applicable to cases adjudicated previously. Persons who previously lost U.S. citizenship may wish to have their cases reconsidered in light of this policy. A person may initiate such a reconsideration by submitting a request to the nearest U.S. consular office or by writing directly to: Director, Office of Citizens Consular Services (CA/OCS/CCS), Room 4811 NS Department of State Washington, DC 20520-4818 Each case will be reviewed on its own merits taking into consideration, for example, statements made by the person at the time of the potentially expatriating act. QUESTIONS For further information, please contact the appropriate geographic division of the Office of Citizens Consular Services: Europe and Canada Division............................(202) 647-3445 Inter-American Division...............................(202) 647-3712 East Asia and Pacific Division........................(202) 647-3675 Near Eastern and South Asia Division..................(202) 647-3926 Africa Division:......................................(202) 647-4994 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Crime title Crime - Notice (Travel Advisories) June 29, 1992 The U.S. Department of State provides the following travel notice for U.S. citizens traveling abroad. When planning your trip abroad, take steps to protect yourself from crime or theft. Crimes against travelers are a growing problem worldwide. Tourists are particularly targeted by criminals because they are usually carrying cash and are often easy to distract. Any traveler can become a victim of crimes such as pick-pocketings, robberies, sexual assaults and muggings. To keep yourself safe while traveling, follow the same common-sense precautions you would exercise at home: -- Do not take valuable items on your trip. Carry travelers checks and major credit cards, not large amounts of cash. -- Hide your valuables on your person. Wrapping rubber bands around your wallet makes it more difficult for a pickpocket to remove. Don't carry money or identification in a handbag; all too often, thieves simply take the bag, sometimes breaking arms in the process. If possible, don't carry a handbag at all. -- Before leaving, make a copy of the identification page of your passport. Take the copy with you on your trip, keeping it separate from the passport itself. While traveling, leave your passport and any money you don't expect to need that day locked in a hotel safety deposit box. If local law does not require you to keep your passport with you, carry only the photocopy of your passport when you leave your hotel. -- Find out which parts of town local inhabitants consider risky. If you are out alone at night, stay in well-lit areas; don't use short cuts or narrow alleys. -- Be especially alert in crowds. The most common sites for purse, bag or camera snatching are the central train stations, crowded shopping areas and places heavily frequented by tourists, such as on public buses, trams and subways. -- Thieves often strike when travelers are distracted. A bag casually left at one's feet or on a cart while checking a train schedule or using a telephone is an easy target. Money belts or pouches worn on the outside of clothing or loosely hung around the neck are easily cut or ripped off. Wearing them on the outside highlights where you keep all your valuables. -- Travel with several passport size photos. It can be hard to get replacement photos on short notice if your passport is lost or stolen. Keep a record of your passport number, and the date and place of issuance separate from the passport itself. -- If driving, keep your car doors locked and suitcases out of sight. -- Don't leave valuables in parked cars. Thieves particularly target rental cars and cars with out of town or foreign license plates. If you should fall victim to crime, remember that the U.S. Embassy is there to help you. Every embassy and consulate has a duty officer on-call around the clock to assist in an emergency. If you need emergency medical care, the duty officer will try to help you get in touch with a doctor or clinic. If you lose your passport, report the loss to the local police and go to the nearest U.S. embassy or consulate on the next business day to apply for a new one. If you have a police report, photos and proof of identification (or are accompanied by someone who can identify you), a new passport can often be issued the same day. The following pamphlets are published by the Department of State to assist Americans traveling abroad. Single copies of these publications are available for $1.00 each from the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402. Please send checks or money orders. Your Trip Abroad A Safe Trip Abroad Travel Tips for Older Americans Tips for Americans Residing Abroad Tips for Travelers to the Caribbean Tips for Travelers to Central and South America Tips for Travelers to Eastern Europe (under revision) Tips for Travelers to Mexico Tips for Travelers to the Middle East and North Africa Tips for Travelers to the People's Republic of China Tips for Travelers to South Asia Tips for Travelers to Sub-Saharan Africa Tips for Travelers to the USSR (under revision) No. 92-136 This travel advisory replaces the travel advisory dated May 22, 1991 with minor changes. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- HIV testing title U.S. DEPARTMENT OF STATE HIV TESTING REQUIREMENTS PUBLISHED BY THE BUREAU OF CONSULAR AFFAIRS DECEMBER 1994 December 1994 Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) Testing Requirements for Entry into Foreign Countries An increasing number of countries require that foreigners be tested for Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) prior to entry. This is particularly true for students or long-term visitors. The following list of country requirements is based on information available as of November 1994 and is subject to change. Before traveling abroad, check with the embassy of the country to be visited to learn entry requirements and specifically whether or not AIDS testing is a requirement. If the list indicates U.S. test results are acceptable "under certain conditions" in a particular country, prospective travelers should inquire at the embassy of that country for details (i.e., which laboratories in the United States may perform tests and where to have results certified and authenticated) before departing the United States. Country Test Required For U.S. Test Accepted? Australia All applicants for permanent Yes* residence age 15 and over. All other applicants who require medical examinations are tested if it is indicated on clinical grounds. Bahrain Foreign workers in certain No, testing performed job categories, i.e. hotel on arrival staff, hair dressers, etc. Belize All applicants for residency Yes* permits British Virgin Anyone staying more than 6 Yes Islands months and applicants for work permits Bulgaria May be required for any No foreigner staying longer than one month for purposes of study or work and all intending immigrants China, People's Those staying more than 6 Yes, under certain Republic of months conditions* Colombia Anyone suspected of being HIV N/A positive will not be admitted Cuba All foreigners, excluding No diplomats, staying 90 days or longer Cyprus All foreigners working or No studying Dominican Republic Foreigners seeking No residency Egypt All foreigners staying for Yes, under certain more than 30 days conditions* El Salvador All applicants for permanent No residency over 18 years Estonia Foreigners seeking Yes, under certain residency or work permits conditions* Germany, Federal Applicants for residence No Republic of permits staying over 180 days (Bavaria only) in Bavaria Greece Woman intending to work Yes, under certain in entertainment centers conditions* Hungary Anyone staying over 1 year, Yes, under certain and all intending immigrants conditions* (some employers may require workers to be tested) India All students over 18, anyone Test must be taken between the ages of 18 and within 30 days of 70 with a visa valid for one arrival* year or more and anyone extending a stay to a year or more, excluding accredited journalists and those working in foreign missions Iraq Anyone staying over 5 days Yes, under certain (Failure to have the test conditions* (To avoid done will result in a fine up to $330 fee have test $1600.) done in the U.S. before departing.) Kazakhstan Workers and students staying Yes, under certain over 3 months and anyone conditions* seeking residency Korea Foreigners working as enter- Yes tainers staying over 90 days and foreign athletes who are members of Korean teams Kuwait Those planning to obtain No residence permits Lebanon Those planning to live or No* work Libya Those seeking residence Yes permits, excluding official visitors Lithuania Applicants for permanent Yes, under certain residence permits conditions* Malaysia Foreigners seeking work Yes, under certain permits conditions* Marshall Islands, Temporary visitors staying Yes, under certain Republic of the more than 30 days, and conditions* applicants for residence permits Mauritius Foreigners planning to work Yes, under certain or seek permanent residence conditions* Mexico Applicants for permanent Yes, under certain residence visas conditions* Micronesia Anyone staying over 90 days Yes (Federated States of) Montserrat University students and appli- Yes, under certain cants for work and residency conditions* Oman Those newly-employed by No private sector companies and upon renewal of work permit Papua Anyone planning to work Yes New Guinea or seeking residency Paraguay Applicants for temporary Yes, under certain or permanent resident status conditions* Philippines Applicants for permanent Yes resident visas Russia All foreign visitors (pending No* legislation) Saudi Arabia Applicants for residency/work Yes permits St. Kitts and Nevis Students, intending immigrants Yes, under certain and those seeking employment conditions* Singapore Workers who earn less than No $945 per month Syria Those seeking residency and No anyone wishing to marry a Syrian national in Syria Taiwan Applicants for residence and work Yes, under certain permits (may also be required for conditions* those extending visitor visas) Turks and Caicos Islands Foreign workers (testing is No part of medical exam that is required for work permits) United Arab Applicants for work or No, testing preformed Emirates residence permits on arrival Ukraine Anyone staying longer than Yes, under certain 3 months conditions* *Check with the embassy or representative office in Washington, D.C. for detailed requirements. Prepared by the Bureau of Consular Affairs Public Affairs and Policy Coordination Staff December 1994 (###) Immigration numbers title a(a(DEPARTMENT OF STATE VISA BULLETIN NO 50, VOLUME VII: DIVERSITY IMMIGRATION BUREAU OF CONSULAR AFFAIRS United States Department of State Bureau of Consular Affairs Number 50 Volume VII Washington, D.C. ____________________________________________ IMMIGRANT VISA AVAILABILITY IN THE DIVERSITY IMMIGRANT (DV) CATEGORY FOR THE REMAINDER OF FISCAL YEAR 1995 Section 203(c) of the Immigration and Nationality Act authorizes 55,000 immigrant visas each fiscal year (beginning with FY-1995) to provide immigration opportunities for persons from countries other than the principal sources of current immigration to the United States. These "Diversity" (DV) visas are divided among six geographic regions. Not more than 3,850 visas (7% of the 55,000 visa limit) may be provided to immigrants from any one country. The allotment of FY-1995 visa numbers for each region is as follows: Africa, 20,200; Asia, 6,837; Europe, 24,549; North America (Bahamas), 8; South America, Central America, and the Caribbean, 2,589; and Oceania, 817. Entitlement to immigrant status in the DV category lasts only through the end of the fiscal (visa) year for which the applicant is selected in the annual visa lottery. The year of entitlement for all applicants registered for Fiscal (visa) Year 1995 ends as of September 30, 1995, and their lottery registration will confer no benefit after that date.As with earlier lotteries, to permit DV visas to be made available to the limits, substantially more persons have been registered than there are visas, since many applicants are liable not to pursue their visa case. DV numbers available for allocation each month have been provided in order of lottery rank to applicants reported documentarily qualified to the Department of State for allocation. Allocation cut-offs were established when visa demand was in excess of the supply of available numbers. DV visa availability determinations are being made three months in advance, as compared to one month in advance for preference immigrant categories. Thus, DV determinations have already been made not only for May, but for June and July as well. Those determinations are listed below. Diversity Immigrant Numbers for May, June and July 1995 For MAY, immigrant numbers in the DV category are available to qualified applicants chargeable to all regions/eligible countries as follows. When an allocation cut-off number is shown, visas are available only for applicants with DV regional lottery rank numbers BELOW the specified allocation cut-off number: All DV Charge- ability Areas Except Those Region Listed Separately AFRICA AF 21,953 EXCEPT: ETHIOPIA 14,695 NIGERIA 17,455 ASIA AS 04,293 EXCEPT: BANGLADESH AS 02,292 EUROPE Current EXCEPT: POLAND (see note 1 below) NORTH AMERICA (see note 2 below) (BAHAMAS) OCEANIA OC 00,564 SOUTH AMERICA, SA 02,536 CENTRAL AMERICA, and the CARIBBEAN For JUNE, immigrant numbers in the DV category are available to qualified applicants chargeable to all regions/eligible countries as follows. When an allocation cut-off number is shown, visas are available only for applicants with DV regional lottery rank numbers BELOW the specified allocation cut-off number: All DV Charge- ability Areas Except Those Region Listed Separately AFRICA AF 21,956 EXCEPT: ETHIOPIA 19,539 NIGERIA 18,250 ASIA AS 04,296 EXCEPT: BANGLADESH AS 03,233 EUROPE Current EXCEPT: POLAND (see note 1 below) NORTH AMERICA (see note 2 below) (BAHAMAS) OCEANIA OC 00,564 CENTRAL AMERICA, and the CARIBBEAN For JULY, immigrant numbers in the DV category are available to qualified applicants chargeable to all regions/eligible countries as follows. When an allocation cut-off number is shown, visas are available only for applicants with DV regional lottery rank numbers BELOW the specified allocation cut-off number: All DV Charge- ability Areas Except Those Region Listed Separately AFRICA AF 26,931 EXCEPT: ETHIOPIA 25,440 NIGERIA 24,319 ASIA AS 05,721 EXCEPT: BANGLADESH AS 04,733 EUROPE Current EXCEPT: POLAND (see note 1 below) NORTH AMERICA (see note 2 below) (BAHAMAS) OCEANIA OC 00,075 SOUTH AMERICA, SA 02,843 CENTRAL AMERICA, and the CARIBBEAN NOTE 1: Visas have already been made available for FY- 1995 to the Poland limit (3,850). At present there are no numbers available for this country. Further allocations will be possible only to the extent that numbers already made available are returned unused and can then be reallocated. When the May DV allocations were initially made, Diversity visa numbers were provided for Poland applicants with lottery rank numbers below 1,314. Applicants for whom numbers were allocated were scheduled for visa interviews and sent notification letters by the National Visa Center. Such scheduled visa interviews are not affected by the unavailability of further allocations, but if final action on such cases is not taken during the month for which a visa number has been allocated, there is no assurance that a further allocation will be possible in the future. No Poland numbers were allocated or appointments scheduled for June or July. NOTE 2: Visas have already been made available for FY- 1995 to the North America limit (8). At present further North America DV allocations are "Unavailable". Some North America numbers made available to consular offices may be returned unused to the Department of State at the end of the month of allocation; such numbers would then be available for reallocation. It is not likely that the amount of such numbers will be very great, however. DV Number Allocations for the Remainder of FY-1995 July is the first month of the final quarter of Fiscal (visa) Year 1995, which ends on September 30. By the time that DV allocations for July (based on the visa availability cut-offs noted above) were made, applicant demand was sufficient for numbers to have reached the FY-1995 limits in five of the DV regions: Africa, Asia, North America, Oceania, and South America. The amount of numbers remaining for July allocation was sufficient to permit only those documentarily qualified applicants to be accommodated whose rank numbers were below the cut-offs indicated. In the Europe region applicant demand was less than the total of numbers available, however. Thus, Europe allocations are shown as "current" for July, with a balance of numbers remaining for use during the latter months of FY-1995. In addition, DV allocations for four countries have reached the 3,850 per-country limit: Bangladesh, Ethiopia, Nigeria, and Poland. Applicant demand in excess of the per-country limit has oversubscribed DV allocations for those countries, and visa availability for each is indicated separately from that of the regions in which they are located. IT IS IMPORTANT TO NOTE THAT DV VISA NUMBERS HAVE ALREADY BEEN ALLOCATED FOR ALL ENTITLED APPLICANTS WHO HAD BEEN REPORTED DOCUMENTARILY QUALIFIED TO THE DEPARTMENT OF STATE IN ADVANCE OF THE SETTING OF THE CUT-OFFS FOR THE RESPECTIVE MONTHS INDICATED ABOVE. THUS, NUMBERS HAVE ALREADY BEEN MADE AVAILABLE FOR EVERY APPLICANT WHO HAS BEEN SCHEDULED FOR A VISA INTERVIEW AT A CONSULAR OFFICE DURING MAY, JUNE OR JULY. CASE PROCESSING FOR APPLICANTS WHO ARE SENT DV VISA APPOINTMENT LETTERS ARE NOT DIRECTLY AFFECTED BY THE LIMITS FOR THE YEAR HAVING BEEN REACHED. SUCH APPLICANTS WHO WHICH TO OBTAIN DV VISAS SHOULD APPEAR FOR THEIR SCHEDULED VISA INTERVIEW. AS LONG AS THEY PRESENT ALL OF THE REQUIRED VISA DOCUMENTATION TO THE CONSULAR OFFICER AT THAT TIME AND THEY ARE DETERMINED TO MEET THE VISA ELIGIBILITY REQUIREMENTS, THEIR VISAS CAN BE ISSUED. APPLICANTS SCHEDULED FOR CONSULAR INTERVIEW WHO DO NOT KEEP THEIR APPOINTMENT RISK A VERY UNCERTAIN PROSPECT FOR RESCHEDULING TO A LATER MONTH SINCE THE EXTENT TO WHICH FUTURE DV ALLOCATIONS MIGHT BE POSSIBLE IS NOT KNOWN. DV NUMBERS HAVE ALREADY BEEN MADE AVAILABLE AS WELL TO INS OFFICES FOR MANY APPLICANTS SEEKING ADJUSTMENT OF STATUS WHOSE CASES ARE SCHEDULED FOR COMPLETION DURING MAY, JUNE OR JULY, AS LONG AS THEIR CASE RANK NUMBER IS WITHIN THE RESPECTIVE ALLOCATION CUT-OFF FOR THOSE MONTHS. SUCH CASES MAY ALSO BE PROCESSED TO COMPLETION IF THE APPLICANTS ARE OTHERWISE ELIGIBLE. In all DV regions other than Europe (for which there are still DV numbers available for allocation) and for the DV oversubscribed countries noted above, FUTURE allocations will necessarily depend upon the extent to which numbers already made available are returned unused to the Department of State for reallocation. All visa numbers are allocated for use during a specified month; at the end of such month, standard procedures call for any numbers which have not been used for issuance to be returned to the Department of State. Any August or September DV allocations will be possible only on the basis of such returned numbers. While it is probable that there will be some unused numbers returned for reallocation, the extent of such returns cannot be known in advance. It is thus not possible at present to offer any prediction on the prospects of DV visa availability for August and September. Heavy demand within the Europe region could in future make necessary the establishment of a rank cut-off there also. Applicants cannot take future DV visa availability for granted even in Europe, or assume that visas will be available through September. Completion of DV cases as promptly as possible is to the advantage of all applicants.APRIL 1995 (###) Medical tips title Medical Information for Americans Traveling Abroad (Consular Affairs Topics) If an American becomes seriously ill or injured abroad, a U. S. consular officer, when notified of the problem, can assist in locating appropriate medical services and help in informing the next-of-kin, family or friends. If necessary, a consular officer can also assist in the transfer of funds from the United States, but payment of hospital and other expenses is your responsibility. Before going abroad, learn what medical services your health insurance will cover overseas. If your health insurance policy provides coverage outside the United States, REMEMBER to carry both your insurance policy identity card as proof of such insurance and a claim form. Although many health insurance companies will pay "customary and reasonable" hospital costs abroad, very few will pay for your medical evacuation back to the United States which can easily cost $5,000 and up, depending on your location and medical condition. THE SOCIAL SECURITY MEDICARE PROGRAM DOES NOT PROVIDE FOR PAYMENT OF HOSPITAL OR MEDICAL SERVICES OUTSIDE THE U.S.A. The American Association of Retired Persons offers foreign medical care coverage at no extra charge with its Medicare supplement plans. This coverage is restricted to treatments considered eligilble under Medicare. In general, it covers 80% of the "customary and reasonable" charges, subject to a $50 deductible for the covered care during the first 60 days. There is a ceiling of $25,000 per trip. This is a reimbursement plan so you must pay the bills first and obtain receipts for submission to the plan. To facilitate identification in case of an accident, complete the information page on the inside of your passport providing the name, address and telephone number of someone to be contacted in an emergency. The name given should not be the same as your traveling companions in case the entire party is involved in the same accident. Travelers going abroad with any preexisting medical problems should carry a letter from their attending physician. The letter should describe their condition and include information on any prescription medications, including the generic name of any prescribed drugs, that they need to take. Any medications being carried overseas should be left in their original containers and be clearly labeled. Travelers should check with the foreign embassy of the country they are visiting to make sure any required medications are not considered to be illegal narcotics. A listing of addresses and telephone numbers of U.S. embassies and consulates abroad is contained in "Key Officers of Foreign Service Posts." This booklet may be obtained through the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC 20402, for $1.75 (Publication No. 7877). An annual global rundown of disease and immunization advice and other health guidance, including risks in particular countries, by the Centers for Disease Control may also be obtained from the Government Printing Office in "Health Information for International Travelers" (Publication No. HHS-CDC 90-8280, $5.00 ). The Centers for Disease Control in Atlanta also maintains a travelers hotline that can be reached by calling 404-332-4559. For detailed information on physicians abroad, the authoritative reference is the "Directory of Medical Specialists" published for the American Board of Medical Specialists and its 22 certifying member boards. This publication should be available in your local library. If abroad, a list of hospitals and physicians can be obtained from the nearest American embassy or consulate. A number of countries require foreign visitors to be tested for the AIDS virus as a requirement for entry. This applies mostly to those planning to reside overseas. Before traveling, check the latest entry requirements with the foreign embassy of the country to be visited. A listing of "Foreign Entry Requirements" is available for 50 cents from the Consumer Information Center, Pueblo, CO 81009. The Citizens Emergency Center maintains a travel notice on HIV/AIDS entry requirements. Call 202-647-5225 to obtain these requirements. Several private organizations will provide medical information and insurance for overseas travelers. The following is provided FOR INFORMATIONAL PURPOSES ONLY and in no way constitutes an endorsement, expressed or implied, by the Department of State: PUBLISHED MEDICAL INFORMATION BOOKS: How to Stay Healthy Abroad, Dr. Richard Dawood, Penguin U.S.A., P.O. Box 999, Bergenfield, NJ 07621 How To Stay Healthy While Traveling: A Guide For Today's World Traveler by Bob Young, M.D., Box 567, Dept. 2, Santa Barbara, CA 93102 DIABETES TRAVEL SERVICES, INC., 39 East 52nd Street, New York, NY 10022 - Worldwide information on diabetic treatments and physicians. EMERGENCY MEDICAL PAYMENT AND INFORMATION SERVICES c/o your nearest American Express Office. Available to American Express CARDHOLDERS ONLY: 1) A directory of "U.S. Certified Doctors Abroad" (Price: $3.00) 2) A health insurance plan is available through the Firemens Fund Life Insurance Company, 1600 Los Gamos Rd., San Raphael, CA 94911, Attention: American Express Card Service. IAMAT, 736 Center Street, Lewiston, NY 14092 Phone 716-754-4883 International Association for Medical Assistance to Travelers: A medical directory, clinical record, and a malaria risk chart are sent without charge; however, a contribution is requested for World Climate Charts. IMMUNIZATION ALERT, P.O. Box 406, Storrs, CT 06268 Phone 203-487-0611 For $25 a traveler is provided with an up-to-date, detailed and personalized health report on up to 6 countries to be visited. It will tell you what diseases are prevalent and what precautions are recommended or advisable. AIR AMBULANCE SERVICES AERO AMBULANCE INTERNATIONAL Executive Airport Philadelphia, PA Ft. Lauderdale, FL San Juan, Puerto Rico 305-776-6800 800-443-8042 (U.S., Canada & Caribbean) Service Area: Worldwide AIR AMBULANCE NETWORK Miami, FL 305-447-0458 AIR AMBULANCE OF AMERICA Chicago, IL 800-321-4444 NATIONAL AIR AMBULANCE Ft. Lauderdale, FL 305-525-5538 Service Area: Caribbean & Central America AIR MEDIC Pittsburgh, PA 800-423-2667 Service Area: Canada & Caribbean ALPHA AVIATION, INC. Dallas, TX 214-352-4801 INTERNATIONAL SOS ASSISTANCE Philadelphia, PA 800-523-8930/215-244-1500 Service Area: Worldwide MERCY MEDICAL AIRLIFT Reston, VA 703-361-1191 (Caribbean and Canada only. Will meet commercial incoming patient flights at JFK International Airport in New York/New Jersey area and at Miami International Airport, other airports if necessary.) WORLD CARE TRAVEL ASSISTANCE 1150 S. Olive St. Suite T-2233 Los Angeles, CA 90015 800-253-1877 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Mexico travel title sU.S. Department of State 95/06 Tips for Travelers to Mexico Bureau of Consular Affairs Department of State Publication 10270 Bureau of Consular Affairs Revised June 1995 The information in this publication is in the public domain and may be reproduced without permission. When this material is reproduced, the Department of State would appreciate receiving a copy at: CA/P/PA, Department of State, Washington, DC 20520-4818. For sale by the U.S. Government Printing Office Superintendent of Documents, Mailstop: SSOP Washington, DC 20402-9328 Tips for Travelers to Mexico Table of Contents General Information How To Have a Safe and Healthy Trip Know Before You Go. Consular Information Program Health Safety Tips Travel by Car Rental Cars Bringing Your Own Plane or Boat to Mexico Crime Avoiding Legal Problems U.S. Assistance in Mexico Where to Turn If You Have Serious Legal, Medical, or Financial Difficulties Advice on Dual Nationality A Guide to Entry and Exit Regulations Getting Into Mexico Operation of Citizen's Band (CB) Equipment What You May Bring Into Mexico Shopping--Some Things To Beware of Buying Returning to the United States Useful Addresses and Telephone Numbers U.S. Embassy, Mexico City Consulates General and Consulates Consular Agents Tips for Travelers to Mexico General Information Between 15 and 16 million U.S. citizens visit Mexico each year, while more than 460,000 Americans reside there year round. Although the majority of visitors thoroughly enjoy their stay, a small number experience difficulties and serious inconveniences. The Department of State and its Embassy and consulates in Mexico offer a wide range of services to assist U.S. citizens in distress. U.S. consular officials meet regularly with Mexican authorities to promote the safety of U.S. citizens in Mexico. The Department of State seeks to encourage international travel. Conditions in Mexico, however, can contrast sharply with those to which you are accustomed. This pamphlet contains advice to help you avoid inconveniences and difficulties as you go. Take our advice seriously but do not let it keep you at home. To keep you among the majority who do not experience difficulties, this brochure will offer some precautions you may take. Before you go, learn as much as you can about your destination. Your travel agent, local bookstore, public library and the embassy of the country or countries you plan to visit are all useful sources of information. Another source is the Department of State's Background Notes series which includes a pamphlet regarding the specific country to which you wish to travel. To obtain specific pamphlet prices and information, contact the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402; tel: (202) 512-1800. You may also obtain select issues by fax by calling the State Department's Bureau of Public Affairs (202) 736-7720 from your fax machine. Important: This pamphlet was prepared from information obtained prior to June 1995. This information is subject to change. Please consult the latest Consular Information Sheet for current information. How To Have a Safe and Healthy Trip Know Before You Go As you travel, keep abreast of local news coverage. If you plan a long stay in one place or if you are in an area where communications are poor, experiencing civil unrest or some natural disaster, you are encouraged to register with the nearest U.S. embassy or consulate. Registration takes only a few moments, and it may be invaluable in case of an emergency. Remember to leave a detailed itinerary and the numbers of your passport or other citizenship documents with a friend or relative in the United States. You should bring either a U.S. passport or a certified copy of a birth certificate with photo identification. For specific information on Mexico see page 17. Carry your photo identification and the name of a person to contact with you in the event of serious illness or other emergency. It is also wise to photocopy your airline or other tickets and your list of travelers checks. Leave a copy with someone at home, and carry an extra copy with you. Safety begins before you leave home. Do not bring anything you would hate to lose. Leave things like unnecessary credit cards and expensive jewelry at home. Bring travelers checks, not cash. Use a money belt or concealed pouch for passport, cash, and other valuables. Consular Information Program Before traveling obtain the Consular Information Sheet for Mexico and any other countries you plan to visit. You should also check to see if the Department of State has issued a Travel Warning for the country or countries you will be visiting. Warnings are issued when the Department of State decides, based on all relevant information, to recommend that all Americans avoid travel to a certain country. Consular Information Sheets are available for every country in the world. They include such information as the location of the U.S. embassy or consulate in the country, unusual immigration practices, health conditions, minor political disturbances, unusual currency and entry regulations, crime and security information, and drug penalties. If an unstable condition exists in a country that is not severe enough to warrant a Warning, a description of the condition(s) may be included in the Consular Information Sheet under an optional section entitled "Areas of Instability." On limited occasions, the Department also restates in this section U.S. Embassy advice given to official employees. Consular Information Sheets generally do not include advice, but present information on factual matters so that travelers can make knowledgeable decisions concerning travel to a particular country. Countries where avoidance of travel is recommended will have Travel Warnings as well as Consular Information Sheets. How to Access Consular Information Sheets and Travel Warnings Consular Information Sheets and Travel Warnings may be heard any time by dialing the office of Overseas Citizens Services at (202) 647-5225 from a touchtone phone. The recording is updated as new information becomes available. They are also available at any of the 13 regional passport agencies, field offices of the Department of Commerce, and U.S. embassies and consulates abroad, or, by writing or sending a self- addressed, stamped envelope to the Office of Overseas Citizens Services, Bureau of Consular Affairs, Room 4811, U.S. Department of State, Washington, D.C. 20520-4818. By fax From your fax machine, dial (202) 647-3000, using the handset as you would a regular telephone. The system will instruct you on how to proceed. Consular Affairs Bulletin Board - CABB If you have a personal computer, modem and communication software, you can access the Consular Affairs Bulletin Board (CABB). This service is free of charge. To view or download the documents from a computer and modem, dial the CABB on (202) 647-9225, setting your software to N-8-1. Health Health problems sometimes affect visitors to Mexico. Information on health precautions can be obtained from local health departments or private doctors. General guidance can also be found in the U.S. Public Health Service book, Health Information for International Travel, available for $7.00 from the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402, or the Centers for Disease Control's international travelers hotline at (404) 332-4559. It is wise to review your health insurance policy before you travel. In some places, particularly at resorts, medical costs can be as high or higher than in the United States. If your insurance policy does not cover you in Mexico, it is strongly recommended that you purchase a policy that does. There are short-term health insurance policies designed specifically to cover travel. Medical facilities in Mexico differ from those in the United States. Adequate medical care can be found in all major cities. There are some excellent health facilities in Mexico City. Some remote areas or coastal islands may have few or no medical facilities. For these reasons, in addition to medical insurance that you can use in Mexico, consider obtaining insurance or joining a medical assistance program to cover the exorbitant cost of medical evacuation in the event of an accident or serious illness. As part of the coverage, these programs usually offer emergency consultation by telephone. They may refer you to the nearest hospital or call for help on your behalf; they may translate your instructions to a health care worker on the scene. The cost of medical evacuation coverage can be as low as $50.00 for a trip of 30 days. Without this insurance, medical evacuation can cost thousands of dollars. If your travel agent cannot direct you to a medical assistance company, look for information in travel magazines. The U.S. government cannot pay to have you medically evacuated to the United States. Immunizations are normally recommended against diptheria, tetanus, polio, typhoid, and hepatitis A for travelers. Generally, these immunizations are administered during childhood. For visitors coming directly from the United States, no immunization certification is required to enter Mexico. If you are traveling from an area known to be infected with yellow fever, a vaccination certificate is required. Malaria is found in some rural areas of Mexico, particularly those near the southwest coast. Travelers to malarial areas should consult their physician or the U.S. Public Health Service and take the recommended dosage of chloroquine. Although chloroquine is not considered necessary for travelers to the major resort areas on the Pacific and Gulf coasts, travelers to those areas should use insect repellent and take other personal protection measures to reduce contact with mosquitoes, particularly from dusk to dawn when malaria transmission is most likely. Air pollution in Mexico City is severe. It is most dangerous during thermal inversions which occur most often from December to May. Air pollution plus Mexico City's high altitude are a particular health risk for the elderly and persons with high blood pressure, anemia, or respiratory or cardiac problems. If this applies to you, consult your doctor before traveling to Mexico City. In high altitude areas, such as Mexico City, most people need a short adjustment period. Spend the first few days in a leisurely manner, with a light diet and reduced intake of alcohol. Avoid strenuous activity, this includes everything from sports to rushing up the stairs. Reaction signs to high altitude are lack of energy, a tendency to tire easily, shortness of breath, occasional dizziness, and insomnia. Drink only bottled water or water that has been boiled for 20 minutes. Be aware of ice cubes that may not have been made with purified water. Vegetables and fruits should be peeled or washed in a purifying solution. A good rule to follow is if you can't peel it or cook it, do not eat it. Diarrhea may benefit from antimicrobial treatment which may be prescribed or purchased over the counter. Travelers should consult a physician, rather than attempt self-medication, if the diarrhea is severe or persists several days. Safety Tips In an emergency, call [91] (5) 250-0123, the 24-hour hotline of the Mexican Ministry of Tourism. They also have two toll free numbers: if calling within Mexico [91] 800-90-392 and from the U.S. 1-800-482-9832. The hotline is for immediate assistance, but it can give you general, nonemergency guidance as well. It is an important number to keep with you. If necessary, in an emergency, you may also call the U.S. Embassy or the nearest U.S. consulate or consular agency. (See addresses at the end of this pamphlet.) As a visitor to Mexico, be alert to your new surroundings. Problem situations in Mexico may be different from those you are used to, and safety regulations and their enforcement are generally not equivalent to U.S. standards. In large cities, take the same precautions against assault, robbery, or pickpockets that you would take in any large U.S. city. Be aware that women and small children, as well as men, can be pickpockets or purse snatchers. Keep your billfold in an inner front pocket; carry your purse tucked securely under your arm; and wear the shoulder strap of your camera or bag across your chest. To guard against thieves on motorcycles, walk away from the curb and carry your purse away from the street. At the Hotel. Travelers to Mexico should leave valuables and irreplacable items in a safe place. All visitors are encouraged to make use of hotel safes when available. On Public Transport. Be vigilant in bus and train stations and on public transport. Watch out for pickpockets in these areas. On Streets and Highways. Be aware of persons representing themselves as Mexican police or other local officials. It is not uncommon for Americans to become victims of harassment, mistreatment, and extortion by Mexican law enforcement and other officials. Mexican authorities are concerned about these incidents and have cooperated in investigating such cases. You must, however, have the officer's name, badge number, and patrol car number to pursue a complaint. Make a note of this information if you are ever involved with police or other officials. Do not be surprised if you encounter several types of police in Mexico. The Preventive Police, the Transit Police, and the Federal Highway Police all wear uniforms. The Judicial Police who work for the public prosecutor are not uniformed. At the Pool or Beach. Do not leave your belongings on the beach while you are swimming. Keep your passport and other valuables in the hotel safe. Visitors to Mexican resorts should carefully assess the risk potential of recreational activities. Sports and aquatic equipment that you rent may not meet U.S. safety standards nor be covered by any accident insurance. For example, unless you are certain that scuba diving equipment is up to standard, do not use it. Inexperienced scuba divers should be aware of dive shops that promise to "certify" you after a few hours instruction. Safe diving requires lengthy training. Parasailing is offered at many Mexican beach resorts. Be aware that by putting your name on the passenger list, you may be relieving the boat operator and owner of responsibility for your safety. There have been cases in which tourists have been dragged through palm trees or slammed into hotel walls while participating in this activity. Be extremely careful when renting jet-skis. Several tourists have been killed or injured in jet-ski accidents, particularly when participating in group tours. Often inexperienced tour guides allow their clients to follow too closely or operate the jet-skis in other unsafe manners. In one case the jet-ski rental company carried liability insurance limited to $2,500 U.S. dollars. Make sure that the rental company has adequate medical/accident insurance, is staffed with personnel on-site with water rescue training, and properly demonstrates safe operation of the vehicle to you before you rent or operate such equipment. Do not use pools or beaches without lifeguards, or, if you do, exercise extreme caution. Do not dive into unknown bodies of water because hidden rocks or shallow depths can cause serious injury or death. Some Mexican beaches, such as those in Cancun, have warning signs about undertow; take them seriously. Be aware that the newer resorts may lack comprehensive medical facilities. Travel by Car People are often surprised when inconveniences occur because they were unaware of the laws regarding crossing the border. It is important for visitors to remember the following steps when crossing the border between the United States and Mexico by automobile. There are no procedures to comply with if you are traveling within the Border Zone or Free Trade Zone (including the Baja California Peninsula and the Sonora Free Trade Zone). If you wish to travel past these zones, you will need to adhere to certain procedures. The first step to take is to obtain the original and photocopies of the appropriate immigration form, the vehicle state registration certificate or document certifying legal ownership, and leasing contract. If the vehicle is leased or rented then it must be in the person's name who is importing the car. If the vehicle belongs to a company, proper documentation is necessary to show the individual works for the company. A valid driver's license and an international credit card (American Express, Diner's Club, Mastercard or Visa) are needed in the name of the owner of the vehicle. If you do not possess an international credit card, you will be asked to post a bond, payable to the Federal Treasury, issued by an authorized bonding company in Mexico. An alternative is to make a cash deposit at Banco del Ejercito in an amount equal to the value of the vehicle according to the tables of vehicle values for bonding companies. This is often a substantial percentage of the vehicle's value. The second step is to present the documents you have received to the Vehicular Control Module located in Customs to process the importation permit. Carry this document with you at all times! The permit is valid for periods up to six months. The vehicle may be driven across the border multiple times during the authorized period of the permit. Other persons may drive the car as long as the owner is in the vehicle. Other foreigners with the same "tourist" status as the vehicle owner may drive the vehicle without the owner present in the car. If you wish to authorize another person to drive your car, record the authorization with Mexican officials when you enter Mexico--even if you expect to be a passenger when the other person drives. Do not, under any circumstances, allow an unauthorized person to drive the vehicle when the owner is not in it. Such a person would have to pay a fine amounting to a substantial percentage of the vehicles's value, and your vehicle would be confiscated. All documents and the credit card must be in the name of the owner, who must be present upon crossing the border. We caution American citizens not to loan their vehicles to Mexican citizens resident in Mexico as those vehicles are subject to seizure by Mexican authorities. If confiscated, they are not returned. In the third step, your credit card will be charged an amount in national currency equivalent to U.S. $10 at the Banco del Ejercito. If you do not have a credit card, the bank will accept cash in an amount equal to the value of your vehicle shown in the table of vehicle values for bonding companies. Your deposit plus any interest it may earn will be returned upon departure from Mexico. You may also, instead, obtain a bond through an authorized Mexican bonding company located at all border crossings. The bonding companies require a refundable deposit equal to a substantial percentage of the vehicle's value. The bonding company will also assess taxes and processing costs for this service. Finally, upon your departure from Mexico, and if the vehicle will not be driven back into Mexico, the permit for temporary importation must be cancelled at Customs. If these steps are carefully followed, there should be no problem taking your car to Mexico. Remember, if your car is found in Mexico beyond the authorized time or without the proper documents, it will be immediately confiscated. Also, the sale, abandonment, or use of the vehicle for financial gain will result in its confiscation. For more information, contact your nearest office of the Mexican Consulate or call 1-800-446-8277. If you bring spare auto parts to Mexico, declare them when you enter the country. When you leave, be prepared to show that you are taking the unused parts with you or that you have had them installed in Mexico. Save your repair receipts for this purpose. All vehicular traffic is restricted in the capital city of Mexico City in order to reduce air pollution. The restriction is based on the last digit of the vehicle license plate. (There is no specific provision regarding plates with letters only.) Driving of vehicles with temporary license plates or any other plate not conforming with the above is not permitted. Monday: no driving if license plate ends with 5 or 6 Tuesday: no driving if license plate ends with 7 or 8 Wednesday: no driving if license plate ends with 3 or 4 Thursday: no driving if license plate ends with 1 or 2 Friday: no driving if license plate ends with 9 or 0 Saturday and Sunday: all vehicles may be driven. Avoid excessive speed and, if at all possible, do not drive at night. Loose livestock can appear at any time. Construction sites or stranded vehicles are often unmarked by flares or other warning signals. Sometimes cars have only one headlight. Many cars lack brake lights. Bicycles seldom have lights or reflectors. This makes for very dangerous driving conditions at night. Be prepared for a sudden stop at any time. Mexican driving conditions are such that, for your safety, you must drive more slowly than you do at home. Learn local driving signals. In Mexico, a blinking left turn signal on the vehicle in front of you could mean that it is clear ahead and you may pass, or it could mean the driver is making a left turn. An outstretched left arm may mean an invitation for you to pass. When in doubt, do not pass. An oncoming vehicle flashing its headlights is a warning for you to slow down or pull over because you are both approaching a narrow bridge or place in the road. The custom is that the first vehicle to flash has the right of way and the other must yield. When it begins to rain, immediately slow down to a crawl. Freshly wet roads are dangerous because oil and road dust mix with water and form a lubricant. Until this mixture washes away, driving is extremely hazardous. Beware of sudden rains. Stop, or go extremely slow, until conditions improve. To avoid highway crime, try not to drive at night and never drive alone during this time. Never sleep in vehicles along the road. Do not, under any circumstances, pick up hitchhikers who not only pose a threat to your physical safety, but also put you in danger of being arrested for unwittingly transporting narcotics or narcotics traffickers in your vehicle. Your vehicle can be confiscated if you are transporting marijuana or other narcotics. There are checkpoints and temporary roadblocks where vehicles are checked. If you plan to drive, learn about your route from an auto club, guide book, or a Mexican government tourist office. Some routes have heavy truck and bus traffic, others have poor or nonexistent shoulders, and many have animals on the loose. Also, some of the newer roads have very few restaurants, motels, gas stations, or auto repair shops. You may not be able to avoid all problems, but at least you will know what to expect if you have done some research. For your safety, have your vehicle serviced and in optimum condition before you leave for Mexico. It is wise to bring an extra fan belt, fuses, and other spare parts. Pack a basic first-aid kit and carry an emergency water supply in your vehicle. Unleaded gasoline (magna sin) is generally available throughout Mexico. Bring a flexible funnel to fill your gas tank because some gas stations have nozzles too large to fit unleaded tanks. If you have an emergency while driving, call the Ministry of Tourism's hotline or (91)(5) 250-8221/8555 ext. 130/297 to obtain help from the "Green Angels," a fleet of radio dispatched trucks with bilingual crews that operate daily. Services include protection, medical first aid, mechanical aid for your car, and basic supplies. You will not be charged for services, only for parts, gas, and oil. The Green Angels patrol daily, from dawn until sunset. If you are unable to call them, pull off the road and lift the hood of your car; chances are good they will find you. Insurance. Mexican auto insurance is sold in most cities and towns on both sides of the border. U.S. automobile liability insurance is not valid in Mexico nor is most collision and comprehensive coverage issued by U.S. companies. Therefore, when you cross the border, purchase auto insurance adequate for your needs in Mexico. A good rule of thumb is to buy coverage equivalent to that which you carry in the United States. Motor vehicle insurance is invalid in Mexico if the driver is found to be under the influence of alcohol or drugs. Regardless of whether you have insurance, if you are involved in an accident, you will be taken into police custody until it can be determined who is liable and whether you have the ability to pay any judgment. If you do not have Mexican liability insurance, you are almost certain to spend some time in jail until all parties are satisfied that responsibility has been assigned and adequate financial satisfaction received. There may also be criminal liability assigned if the injuries or damages are serious. Rental Cars Renting in the United States. Many car rental companies in the United States have clauses in their contracts prohibiting drivers from traveling out of the country. The Mexican police are aware of these regulations, and will sometimes impound rental vehicles driven from the United States. When renting a vehicle in the United States, check with the company to see if your contract allows you to drive it into Mexico. Renting a Car in Mexico. The standard insurance included with many car rental contracts in Mexico provides only nominal liability coverage, often as little as the equivalent of $200. Because Mexican law permits the jailing of drivers after an accident until they have met their obligations to third parties and to the rental company, renters should read their contracts carefully and purchase additional liability and comprehensive insurance if necessary. Bringing Your Own Plane or Boat to Mexico Private aircraft and boats are subject to the same Mexican customs regulations as are motor vehicles. When you arrive at a Mexican port in your private boat, you can obtain a temporary import permit similar to the one given for motor vehicles. Flying your own plane to Mexico, however, is more complicated. Well before your trip, inquire about private aircraft regulations and procedures from a Mexican consulate or Mexican Government Tourist Office. Crime Street crime is common, especially in urban areas. Persons driving on some Mexican roads, particularly in isolated regions, have been targeted by bandits who operate primarily after dark. Criminals, particularly in Sinaloa, sometimes represent themselves as Mexican police or other local officials. The U.S. Embassy advises its personnel not to travel on Mexican highways after dark. Highway 15 and Express Highway 1 (limited access) in the state of Sinaloa are particularly dangerous areas where criminal assaults and murders have occurred, during the day and night. If You Are in Danger. Call the Mexican Ministry of Tourism's emergency hotline, [91] (5) 250-0123, for immediate assistance. Or, in Mexico City, dial 06 for police assistance. If You Have Been the Victim of a Crime. Immediately contact the U.S. Embassy or the nearest U.S. consulate or consular agency. For addresses and telephone numbers, see the end of this pamphlet. You should also report the crime to the local police immediately. Avoiding Legal Problems While traveling in Mexico, you are subject to Mexican laws and not U.S. laws. Tourists who commit illegal acts have no special privileges and are subject to full prosecution under the Mexican judicial system. Avoid drug offenses. Mexico rigorously prosecutes drug cases. Under Mexican law, possession of and trafficking in illegal drugs are federal offenses. For drug trafficking, bail does not exist. Convicted offenders can expect lengthy jail sentences and fines. Sentences for possession of drugs in Mexico can be as long as 25 years plus fines. Just as in the U.S., the purchase of controlled medication requires a doctor's prescription. The Mexican list of controlled medication differs from the U.S. list, and Mexican public health laws concerning controlled medication are unclear. Possession of excessive amounts of a psychotropic drug such as valium can result in your arrest if the authorities suspect abuse. Mexican law does not differentiate between types of narcotics: heroin, marijuana, and amphetamines, for example, are treated the same. Offenders found guilty of possessing more than a token amount of any narcotic substance are subject to a minimum sentence of 10 years, and it is not uncommon for persons charged with drug offenses to be detained for up to 1 year before a verdict is reached. Mexico travel (more) title [J[JU.S. Department of State 95/06 Tips for Travelers to Mexico Bureau of Consular Affairs Remember, if narcotics are found in your vehicle, you are subject to arrest and your vehicle can be confiscated. Avoid public drunkenness. It is against the law to be drunk in public in Mexico. Certain border towns have become impatient with teenaged (and older) Americans who cross the border to drink and carouse. This behavior can lead to fights, arrests, traffic accidents, and even fatalities. Do not bring firearms. Possession of any gun or rifle without proper authorization by the Mexican authorities is considered a "Firearms Offense" in Mexico and carries stiff penalties. Possession of a single non-assault weapon carries a penalty of up to five years in Mexican prison. Sentences for possession of firearms in Mexico can be as long as 30 years. A permit from a Mexican consulate in the U.S. is required to import firearms or ammunition into Mexico, whether or not the firearm is legally registered in the U.S. The U.S. Embassy has noted an increase of Americans being detained for illegally smuggling arms into Mexico. U.S. citizens should comply with all Mexican laws on arms, including any arms they may wish to bring in for hunting. Some Mexican cities have ordinances prohibiting the possession of knives or anything that might be construed as a weapon. Be aware that, even when you enter Mexican waters on your private boat, you are subject to the ban on importing firearms. Some cities, such as Nuevo Laredo, have ordinances prohibiting the possession of knives and similar weapons. Tourists have even been arrested for possessing souvenir knives. Most arrests for knife possession occur in connection with some other infraction, such as drunk and disorderly behavior. Failure to pay hotel bills or for other services rendered is considered fraud under Mexican law. Those accused of these offenses are subject to arrest and conviction with stiff fines and jail sentences. Be cautious when purchasing real estate. U.S. citizens who become involved in time-share or other real property purchases should be aware that Mexican laws and practices regarding real estate are markedly different from those in the United States. Foreigners purchasing real estate or time-shares in Mexico have no protection under Mexican law and should be aware of the high risks involved. Foreigners may be granted the right to own real property only under very specific conditions and the purchase of real property in Mexico is far more complicated than in the United States. For example no title insurance is available in Mexico for the purchaser and the builders frequently go bankrupt leaving the investors with little recourse to recoup their funds. The U.S. Embassy strongly recommends the use of competent local legal assistance for any significant real property or business purchase. A list of local attorneys can be obtained from the U.S. Embassy or the nearest consulate in Mexico. To Avoid Disputes With Merchants, Be a Careful Shopper. Make sure the goods you buy are in good condition and always get a receipt. There is a federal consumer protection office, the Procuraduria Federal del Consumidor, to assist you if you have a major problem with a faulty product or service. However, if the problem is with a service of the tourist industry, you should bring the matter to the Mexican Government Tourist Office (Secretaria de Turismo). U.S. Assistance in Mexico Where To Turn If You Have Serious Legal, Medical, or Financial Difficulties Legal Problems. If you find yourself in serious difficulty while in Mexico, contact a consular officer at the U.S. Embassy or the nearest U.S. consulate for assistance. U.S. consuls cannot serve as attorneys or give legal assistance. They can, however, provide lists of local attorneys and advise you of your rights under Mexican laws. Worldwide, Mexico has the highest number of arrests of Americans abroad- -over 1,000 per year--and the highest prison population of U.S. citizens outside of the United States-- about 450 at any one time. If you are arrested, ask permission to notify the U.S. Embassy or nearest U.S. consulate. Under international agreements and practice, you have the right to talk with an American consul. Although U.S. consuls are limited in what they can do to assist you in legal difficulties, they can monitor the status of detained U.S. citizens and make sure they are treated fairly under local laws. They will also notify your relatives or friends upon your request. An individual is guaranteed certain rights under the Mexican constitution, but those rights differ significantly from U.S. constitutional guarantees. The Mexican judicial system is based on Roman and Napoleonic law and presumes a person accused of a crime to be guilty until proven innocent. There is no trial by jury nor writ of habeas corpus in the Anglo-American sense. Trial under the Mexican system is a prolonged process based largely on documents examined on a fixed date in court by prosecution and defense counsel. Sentencing usually takes 6 to 10 months. Bail can be granted after sentencing if the sentence is less than 5 years. Pre-trial bail exists but is never granted when the possible sentence upon conviction is greater than 5 years. Medical or Financial Problems. If you become seriously ill, U.S. consular officers can assist in finding a doctor and in notifying your family and friends about your condition. Consular officers can also help arrange the transfer of emergency funds to you if you become destitute as a result of robbery, accident, or other emergency. Advice on Dual Nationality U.S. law recognizes that Americans may also be citizens of other countries. Under Mexican law, an individual born in Mexico of an American parent or parents may acquire both nationalities at birth. Also, a U.S. citizen born in the United States of a Mexican father--or after December 26, 1969, of a Mexican mother--may have dual nationality. If you are a U.S.-Mexican dual national, you must have evidence of your U.S. citizenship with you when you travel between the United States and Mexico. Such evidence can be a U.S. passport, naturalization certificate, consular report of birth abroad, certificate of citizenship, or a certified copy of your U.S. birth certificate. If you are a dual national, be aware that you will not lose your U.S. nationality if you obtain a Certificate of Mexican Nationality. Loss of U.S. citizenship would only occur if you sign a statement relinquishing U.S. citizenship. The Mexican government recognizes a child's dual nationality from birth to age 18 without requiring an oath of allegiance. Starting at age 18, in order to obtain a Mexican passport or to obtain other benefits, such as the right to own property in a restricted zone, to pay a favorable resident tuition rate at a Mexican university, or to vote in a Mexican election, a dual national is required by Mexican law to obtain a Certificate of Mexican Nationality (CMN). If you are contemplating obtaining a CMN, it is recommended that you first consult the U.S. Embassy or the nearest U.S. consulate or the Office of Overseas Citizens Services at the Department of State. A Guide to Entry and Exit Regulations Getting Into Mexico U.S. citizens visiting Mexico for no more than 72 hours and remaining within 25 kilometers of the border do not need a permit to enter. Those wishing to travel past the 25 kilometer border area of Mexico must be properly documented. Those transiting Mexico to another country need a transit visa which costs a nominal fee and is valid for up to 30 days. Tourist Cards. All U.S. citizens visiting Mexico for tourism or study for up to 180 days need a document, called a tourist card in English or FMT in Spanish, to enter and leave Mexico. The tourist card is free and may be obtained from Mexican consulates, Mexican tourism offices, Mexican border crossing points, and from most airlines serving Mexico. If you fly to Mexico, you must obtain your tourist card before boarding your flight; it cannot be obtained upon arrival at an airport in Mexico. The tourist card is issued upon presentation of proof of citizenship, such as a U.S. passport or a U.S. birth certificate, plus a photo I.D., such as a driver's license. Tourist cards are issued for up to 90 days with a single entry, or if you present proof of sufficient funds, for 180 days with multiple entries. Upon entering Mexico, retain and safeguard the pink copy of your tourist card so you may surrender it to Mexican immigration when you depart. You must leave Mexico before your tourist card expires or you are subject to a fine. A tourist card for less than 180 days may be revalidated in Mexico by the Mexican immigration service (Direccion General de Servicios Migratorios). Visas. If you wish to stay longer than 180 days, or if you wish to do business or conduct religious work in Mexico, contact the Mexican Embassy or the nearest Mexican consulate to obtain a visa or permit. Persons conducting religious work on a tourist card are subject to arrest and deportation. Residing or Retiring in Mexico. If you plan to live or retire in Mexico, consult a Mexican consulate on the type of long-term visa you will need. As soon as possible after you arrive in the place you will live, it is a good idea to register with the U.S. Embassy or the nearest U.S. consulate or consular agent. Bring your passport or other identification with you. Registration makes it easier to contact you in an emergency. (Registration information is confidential and will not be released to inquirers without your express authorization.) Traveling Minors. A child under the age of 18 traveling with only one parent must have written, notarized consent from the other parent to travel, or must carry, if applicable, a decree of sole custody for the accompanying parent or a death certificate for the other parent. Children traveling alone or in someone else's custody must have notarized consent from both parents to travel, or if applicable, notarized consent from a single parent plus documentation that the parent is the only custodial parent. Operation of Citizen's Band (CB) Equipment American tourists are permitted to operate CB radios in Mexico. You must, however, obtain a 180 day permit for a nominal fee by presenting your U.S. citizen's band radio authorization at a Mexican consulate or Mexican Government Tourist Office. This permit cannot be obtained at the border. Transmissions on CB equipment are allowed only on channels 9, 10, and 11, and only for personal communication and emergency road assistance. Any device which increases transmission power to over 5 watts is prohibited. CB equipment may not be used near radio installations of the aeronautical and marine services. What You May Bring Into Mexico Customs Regulations. Tourists should enter Mexico with only the items needed for their trip. Entering with large quantities of an item a tourist might not normally be expected to have, particularly expensive appliances, such as televisions, stereos, or other items, may lead to suspicion of smuggling and possible confiscation of the items and arrest of the individual. Mexican regulations limit the value of goods brought into Mexico by U.S. citizens arriving by air or sea to $300 U.S. per person and by land to $50 U.S. per person. Other travel-related items may also be brought in duty-free. Amounts exceeding the duty-free limit are subject to a 32.8 percent tax. Unless you prepare ahead, you may have difficulty bringing computers or other expensive electronic equipment into Mexico for your personal use. To prevent being charged an import tax, write a statement about your intention to use the equipment for personal use and to remove it from Mexico when you leave. Have this statement signed and certified at a Mexican consulate in the United States and present it to Mexican customs as you enter Mexico. Land travelers should verify from Mexican customs at the border that all items in their possession may be legally brought into Mexico. You will be subject to a second immigration and customs inspection south of the Mexican border where unlawful items may be seized, and you could be prosecuted regardless of whether or not the items passed through the initial customs inspection. Currency. The Mexican government permits tourists to exchange dollars for pesos at the fluctuating free market rate. There are no restrictions on the import or export of bank notes and none on the export of reasonable quantities of ordinary Mexican coins. However, gold or silver Mexican coins may not be exported. Take travelers checks with you because personal U.S. checks are rarely accepted by Mexican hotels or banks. Major credit cards are accepted in many hotels, shops, and restaurants. An exchange office (casa de cambios) usually gives a better rate of exchange than do stores, hotels, or restaurants. Pets. U.S. visitors to Mexico may bring a dog, cat, or up to four canaries by presenting the following certificates at the border: (1) a pet health certificate signed by a registered veterinarian in the United States and issued not more than 72 hours before the animal enters Mexico; and (2) a pet vaccination certificate showing that the animal has been treated for rabies, hepatitis, pip, and leptospirosis. Certification by Mexican consular authorities is not required for the health or vaccination certificate. A permit fee is charged at the time of entry into Mexico. Shopping--Some Things To Beware of Buying Wildlife and Wildlife Products. Beware of purchasing souvenirs made from endangered wildlife. Mexican markets and stores abound with wildlife, most of it prohibited from international traffic. You risk confiscation and a possible fine by U.S. Customs if you attempt to import virtually any wildlife from Mexico. In particular, watch out for and avoid: -- All products made from sea turtles, including such items as turtle leather boots, tortoise-shell jewelry, and sea turtle oil cosmetics. -- Fur from spotted cats. -- Mexican birds, stuffed or alive, such as parrots, parakeets, or birds of prey. -- Crocodile and caiman leather. -- Black coral jewelry. -- Wildlife curios, such as stuffed iguanas. When driving across state lines within Mexico, you can expect to be stopped at agricultural livestock inspection stations. Antiques. Mexico considers all pre-Colombian objects to be the "inalienable property of the Nation" and that the unauthorized export of such objects is theft and is punishable by arrest, detention, and judicial prosecution. Under U.S. law, to import pre-Colombian monumental and architectural sculpture and murals, you must present proof that they were legally exported from the country of origin. U.S. law does not prohibit the import of nonmonumental or nonarchitectural artifacts from Mexico. Glazed Ceramics. According to the U.S. Food and Drug Administration, it is possible to suffer lead poisoning if you consume food or beverages that have been stored or served in improperly glazed ceramic ware. Analysis of many ceramic pieces from Mexico has shown them to contain dangerous levels of lead. Unless you have proof of their safety, use glazed ceramics purchased in Mexico for decorative purposes only. Returning to the United States You must present the pink copy of your tourist card at your point of departure from Mexico. If you are returning by motor vehicle, you will need to show your vehicle import permit when you cross the border. At the time of publication, the airport departure tax is $10 or the equivalent in Mexican currency for those returning by commercial airline. The U.S. Customs Service currently permits U.S. citizens returning from international travel to bring back $400 worth of merchandise, including 1 liter of alcohol, duty free. The next $1,000 worth of items brought back is subject to a duty of 10%. In addition to U.S. Customs regulations, be aware that some U.S. border states (most notably, Texas) have imposed state restrictions on liquor, wine, and beer imports from Mexico. If you are planning to bring back alcoholic beverages, inquire about these restrictions from the liquor control office of the state through which you plan to return. Useful Addresses and Telephone Numbers American Embassy Paseo de la Reforma 305 Colonia Cuauhtemoc Mexico 06500, D.F. Tel [52] (5) 211-0042 U.S. Export Development Office/U.S. Trade Center 31 Liverpool Mexico 06600, D.F. Tel [52] (5) 591-0155 U.S. Consulates General American Consulate General Avenue Lopez Mateos 924-N Ciudad Juarez, Chihuahua Tel: [52] (16) 11-3000 American Consulate General Progreso 175 Guadalajara, Jalisco Tel [52] (3) 825-2998/2700 American Consulate General Avenida Constitucion 411 Poniente Monterrey, Nuevo Leon, 64000 Tel [52] (8) 345-2120 American Consulate General Tapachula 96 Tijuana, Baja California Tel [52] (66) 81-7400 American Consulate Calle Monterrey 141, Poniente U.S. Consulates American Consulate Ave. Monterrey 141 Pte. Hermosillo, Sonora Tel [52] (62) 17-2375 American Consulate Ave. Primera 2002 Matamoros, Tamaulipas Tel [52] (88) 12-44-02 American Consulate Paseo Montejo 453, Merida, Yucatan Tel [52] (99) 25-5011 American Consulate Calle Allende 3330, Col. Jardin Nuevo Laredo, Tamaulipas Tel [52] (87) 14-0512 U.S. Consular Agents Resident consular agents have been designated in 10 other locations in Mexico to assist U.S. citizens in serious emergencies. Each consular agent is supervised by one of the above-listed offices and may be contacted through it or by calling the consular agent's direct number. Acapulco, Hotel Club del Sol [52] (748) 5-7207 Cabo San Lucas, Blvd. Marina y Perdregal, Local 3, Zona Central [52] (114) 3-35-66 Cancun, Avenida Nader 40, Edificio Marruecos 3rd Floor, Office 31 [52] (988) 4-24-11 Mazatlan, Hotel Playa Mazatlan, Rodolfo T. Loaiza 202 Zona Dorada, 82110 [52] (69) 134-444 Ext. 285 Oaxaca, Alcala 201 [52] (951) 4-3054 Puerto Vallarta, Libertad y Miramar, Local 12-A [52] (322) 2-0069 San Luis Potosi, Francisco de P. Moriel 103-10 [52] (481) 2-1528 San Miguel de Allende, Dr. Hernandez Marcias 72 [52] (465) 2-2357 Tampico, Ejercito Mexicano No. 503-203, Col. Guadalupe [52] (12) 13-2217 Vera Cruz, Victimas del 25 de Junio #388 [52] (29) 31-01-42 (###) Mideast/north Africa travel title qU.S. DEPARTMENT OF STATE TIPS FOR TRAVELERS TO THE MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA PUBLISHED BY THE BUREAU OF CONSULAR AFFAIRS DECEMBER 1994 Table of Contents How to Prepare for a Safe Trip Visa and Other Entry Requirements Special Entry Requirements for Countries That Permit No Tourists U.S. Citizens Married to Foreign Nationals Dual Nationality Currency and Customs Regulations Health Drug Offenses Dress and Local Customs Country Information Algeria Bahrain Egypt Iran Iraq Israel Jordan Kuwait Lebanon Libya Morocco Oman Qatar Saudi Arabia Syria Tunisia United Arab Emirates Yemen Foreign Embassies in the United States U.S. Embassies and Consulates Abroad DEPARTMENT OF STATE PUBLICATION 10167 Bureau of Consular Affairs Revised October 1994 The information in this publication is in the public domain and may be reproduced without permission. When this material is reproduced, the Department of State would appreciate receiving a copy at: CA/P/PA, Department of State, Washington, DC 20520-4818. Tips for Travelers to the Middle East and North Africa Foreword The information in this pamphlet has been gathered for you by consular officers--both here in the Department of State and in the Middle East and North Africa--to assist you with your trip. We hope this brochure will be of help to you in making your trip both safe and enjoyable. Always keep in mind, though, that wherever you are abroad, if you come into serious difficulties, contact the U.S. consul at the nearest United States embassy or consulate for information or assistance. How to Prepare for a Safe Trip The policies of the countries in the Middle East and North Africa toward foreign visitors vary greatly from country to country. Some countries encourage tourism and put very few restrictions on visitors. Other countries do not allow tourism and carefully regulate business travel. Some areas in the region have experienced military conflict over an extended period of time. A little planning and knowledge will go a long way toward making your trip to the Middle East and North Africa go smoothly. If you learn about the countries you will visit and obey the laws and respect the customs of those places, you can make your stay as pleasant and incident-free as possible. Consular Information Sheets For travel information on any country, see the Department of State's Consular Information Sheet for the country. Consular Information Sheets cover such matters as health conditions, unusual currency and entry regulations, crime and security conditions, drug penalties, and areas of instability. In addition, there are a number of Travel Warnings which advise Americans to defer travel because of unsafe conditions. Regulations may also prohibit the use of U.S. passports to visit certain countries. This prohibition will be included in the Travel Warnings issued for affected countries. Travel Warnings are under continuous review by the Department of State. Before you depart for a country that has a Travel Warning, make certain that you have the most recent revision of the Warning. The Department of State also issues Public Announcements. Public Announcements are issued as a means to disseminate information quickly about terrorist threats and other relatively short-term and /or trans-national condition which would pose significant risks to the security of American travelers. There are several ways to access Consular Information Sheets, Travel Warnings and Public Announcements. You can listen to them 24-hours a day by calling 202-647-5225 from a touchtone phone. You can receive copies of them by sending a self-addressed, stamped envelope to the Overseas Citizens Services, Room 4800, Department of State, Washington, DC 20520-4818. (Write the name of the requested country or countries on the outside of the envelope.) You can also find Consular Information Sheets and Travel Warnings at the 13 regional passport agencies and at U.S. embassies and consulates abroad. They can also be accessed through an airline or travel agent's computer reservation system, the Bureau of Consular Affairs' 24- hour automated fax system at 202/647-3000, or through many computer bulletin boards, including the Consular Affairs Bulletin Board (CABB). You may call the CABB on modem number 202-647- 9225. Set your communications software to: no parity, 8 bits, one stop bit (N-8-1). Registration As you travel, keep abreast of local news coverage. If you plan more than a short stay in one place, or if you are in an area experiencing civil unrest or a natural disaster, you are encouraged to register with the nearest U.S. embassy or consulate. Remember to leave a detailed itinerary with a friend or relative in the United States in case of an emergency. Your U.S. Passport Make a record or photocopy of the data from your passport's identification page and from your visas. Also make a copy of the addresses and telephone numbers of the U.S. embassy and consulates in the countries you will visit (see pages 39-40). Put this information along with two passport photos in a place separate from your passport to be available in case of loss or theft of your passport. Visa and Other Entry Requirements A U.S. passport is required for travel to all countries in the region. U.S. citizens are not required to have visas for tourist or business travel to Israel, Morocco, or Tunisia, but may need to supply proof of sufficient funds for the trip and proof of onward or round trip travel arrangements. All other countries in the Middle East and North Africa require U.S. citizens to have visas. If you plan to travel extensively in the region, entry and exit stamps could quickly fill the pages of your passport. Before you go, you may wish to ask the nearest passport agency to add extra pages to your passport. Or, if applying for a new passport, you can request one with 48 pages instead of the usual 24. Each country has its own set of entry requirements. For authoritative visa information, contact the embassy or consulate of the country you plan to visit. See page 38 for a list of foreign embassies in the United States. When you make inquiries, ask about the following: -- Visa price, length of validity, number of entries. -- Financial requirements--proof of sufficient funds and proof of onward/return ticket. -- Immunization requirements. Yellow fever immunization is often required if arriving from a yellow-fever- infected area. -- Currency regulations. -- Import/export restrictions and limitations. Several countries prohibit the import and consumption of alcoholic beverages. -- Departure tax. Be sure to keep enough local currency to be able to depart as planned. Some Arab countries will not allow travelers to enter if their passports show any evidence of previous or expected travel to Israel. Other Arab countries apply the ban inconsistently, sometimes refusing and at other times allowing entry when a passport shows evidence of travel to Israel. The U.S. government has informed the members of the Arab League that it objects to restrictive policies regarding U.S. passports containing Israeli markings. If passport restrictions imposed by other countries may be a problem for you, contact the nearest U.S. passport agency, embassy, or consulate for guidance. Several Arab countries ask visa applicants to state their religious affiliation. The U.S. government is opposed to the use of this information to discriminate against visa applicants, and has made its views known to the governments concerned. In turn, the United States has received assurances that visa applications are not denied on the basis of religious affiliation. Special Entry Requirements for Countries That Permit No Tourists Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, and Saudi Arabia do not permit tourism. All business visitors must be sponsored by a company in the country to be visited. Private visitors must be sponsored by a relative or friend native to the country. To visit a foreigner working in a country where tourism is not permitted, you must be sponsored by the same local company that sponsors the person you are visiting. Entry is by visa or the non-objection certificate (NOC) system. An NOC is obtained by a visitor's sponsor and filed with the appropriate foreign government authorities before the planned visit. For more information, see the individual country sections beginning on page 12. Exit Permits Countries that require visitors to be sponsored usually also require them to obtain exit permits from their sponsors. U.S. citizens can have difficulty obtaining exit permits if they are involved in business disputes. A U.S. citizen who is the wife or child of the local sponsor needs the sponsor's permission to leave the country. Do not accept sponsorship to visit a country unless you are certain you will also be able to obtain an exit permit. U.S. Citizens Married to Foreign Nationals In many Islamic countries, even those that give tourist visas and do not require sponsorship, a woman needs the permission of her husband, and children need the permission of their father, to leave the country. If you travel or allow your children to travel, be aware of the laws of the country you plan to visit. The Department of State is aware of many American citizen children who have been abducted to, or wrongfully retained in countries of the Middle East and North Africa notwithstanding a U.S. custody order. Although some of these children were taken abroad illegally by one of their parents, many originally traveled abroad with the consent of both parents. Do not visit or allow your children to visit unless you are completely confident that you and they will be allowed to leave. Once overseas, you are subject to the laws of the country where you are; U.S. law cannot protect you. Dual Nationality Some countries in the Middle East and North Africa do not recognize acquisition of U.S. citizenship by their nationals. Unless the naturalized U.S. citizen renounces his or her original nationality at an embassy or consulate of the country of origin, he or she may still be considered a citizen of that country. A person born in the United States with a parent who was a citizen of another country may also be considered a citizen of that country. The laws of some countries provide for automatic acquisition of citizenship when a person marries a national of that country. If arrested, a dual national may be denied the right to communicate with the U.S. embassy or consulate. Another consequence could be having to serve in the military of one's former country. If you are a naturalized U.S. citizen, a dual national, or have any reason to believe another country may claim you as their national, check with the embassy of that country as to your citizenship status and any obligations you may have while visiting. Dual nationals who have not researched their citizenship status before traveling have sometimes, to their surprise, encountered difficulties, such as not being allowed to depart. Even countries that recognize acquired U.S. citizenship may consider their former citizens as having resumed original citizenship if they take up residence in their country of origin. This can happen even if the embassy of the country of origin stamps a visa in the U.S. passport of its former citizen. Dual nationals may find that they are required to use a passport from their country of origin in order to enter or leave that country. The U.S. government does not object to the use of a foreign passport by a dual national to enter or depart a foreign country in compliance with the requirements of that country. U.S. regulations require, however, that U.S. citizens, including dual nationals, use a U.S. passport to depart from and enter the United States. If you have any questions about dual nationality or the use of foreign passports, contact Overseas Citizens Services, Room 48l7, Department of State, Washington, D.C. 20520-4818, (202-647-3926) before you travel. Recorded information on dual nationality and other citizenship matters is available 24-hours a day by calling 202-647-3444. Currency and Customs Regulations Some countries in the region have no restrictions on currency imports or exports. Some prohibit Israeli currency. Most countries in the Middle East and North Africa, however, have detailed currency regulations, including a requirement to declare all currency, including travelers checks, upon entry. In those countries, the export of foreign currency is limited to the amount that was imported and declared. Be sure to make the required currency declaration, have it validated, and retain it for use at departure. Buy local currency only at banks or other authorized exchange places and retain your receipts for use at departure. Currency not accounted for may be confiscated. Several countries prohibit the import and consumption of alcoholic beverages. Most countries restrict the entry of products containing pork, as well as any literature, videotapes, and cassette tapes deemed pornographic. Also, some countries will not permit the import of books or other goods from Israel. Shopping--Be Wary of Antiques Americans have been arrested in some countries in the region for the unauthorized purchase of antiques or other important cultural artifacts. If you purchase such items, always insist that the seller provide a receipt and the official museum export certificate required by law. Travelers have also been detained at customs for possessing reproductions of antiques. The safest policy is to purchase copies of antiques from reputable stores and have them documented as such. Obtain receipts for all such purchases. Health Immunizations Information on immunizations and health precautions for travelers can be obtained in the United States from local health departments, private doctors, or travel clinics. Information is also available from the Centers for Disease Control's 24-hour hotline on 404-332-4559 and from the U.S. Public Health Service book, Health Information for International Travel, available for $7.00 from the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402. Depending on your destination, immunization may be recommended against diphtheria, tetanus, polio, typhoid, and hepatitis A. Chloroquine prophylaxis against malaria is recommended for travel to some areas of the region. An increasing number of countries have established regulations regarding AIDS testing, particularly for long-term residents and students. Check with the embassy or consulate of the country you plan to visit for the latest information. Review Your Health Insurance Policy If your health insurance does not provide coverage overseas, consider buying temporary insurance that does. In addition, consider obtaining insurance to cover the exorbitant cost of medical evacuation in the event of an illness or for the return of remains in case of death. Insurance companies and some credit card and travelers check companies offer short-term health and emergency assistance policies designed for travelers. Medical facilities vary in the region; in some countries they are similar to U.S. standards. U.S. embassies or consulates can furnish you with a list of local hospitals and English-speaking physicians. Precautions In the hot and dry climates that prevail in the Middle East and North Africa, it is important to avoid water depletion and heat stroke. Safe tap water is available in many areas. In some places, however, it is highly saline and should be avoided by persons on sodium-restricted diets. In many rural and some urban areas, tap water is not potable, and travelers should drink only boiled or chemically treated water or bottled carbonated drinks. In these areas, avoid fresh vegetables and fruits unless they are washed in a purifying solution and peeled. Diarrhea is potentially serious. If it persists, seek medical attention. Schistosomiasis (or bilharzia) is present in the area of the Nile and in several other areas in North Africa and the Middle East. These parasites are best avoided by not swimming or wading in fresh water in endemic areas. Drug Offenses Drug enforcement policies in the region are strict. Possession of even small amounts of narcotics, including substances such as marijuana, LSD, or amphetamines, can lead to arrest. If found guilty, drug offenders are subject to lengthy prison sentences. Because what is considered to be 'narcotics' varies from country to country, learn and obey the laws in the places you will visit. Keep all prescription drugs in their original containers clearly labeled with the doctor's name, pharmacy and contents. In addition, if you take an unusual prescription drug, carry a letter from your doctor explaining your need for the drug and a copy of the prescription. Dress and Local Customs Islam Islam is the pre-eminent influence on local laws and customs in much of the Middle East and North Africa. The extent of this influence varies. Some Arab countries have secular governments, but in certain other countries, particularly those in the Arabian peninsula, Islam dictates a total way of life. It prescribes the behavior for individuals and society, codifying law, family relations, business etiquette, dress, food, personal hygiene, and much more. Among the important values is a family-centered way of life, including a protected role for women and clear limits on their participation in public life. In traditional societies, Muslims believe open social relations between the sexes result in the breakdown of family life. Contact between men and women, therefore, is rigidly controlled in traditional societies. Travel during Ramadan, the holiest time in the Islamic year, can prove to be very difficult. Business is rarely conducted during this time and non-observance of the Ramadan tradition of fasting during daylight hours can carry penalities in some countries. In the traditional societies of the region, it is considered rude to face the soles of one's feet toward other people. At traditional meals, the left hand is not used for eating. Apparel Conservative Western street clothing (except for shorts) is appropriate in most areas. In more traditional societies, however, attire for women should be more conservative, garments should have sleeves, and dress length should be below the knee. On the other hand, in some areas of the region visited by many tourists -- for example, the beaches of Israel and Morocco -- attire similar to that worn in the United States is acceptable. The Workweek In many countries in the Middle East and North Africa, the weekend is either Thursday/Friday or Friday/Saturday. Workweek information is included in the list of U.S. embassies on pages 39-40. Country Information Algeria Travelers to Algeria are warned that due to political, social, and economic problems a climate of violent unrest has occurred. A number of terrorist attacks have been carried out against foreigners. Terrorists have also threatened to kill all foreigners who are in Algeria. A state of emergency has been in effect since early 1992. Crime is also a major problem in Algeria. Crimes include car break-ins, theft of auto parts from parked cars, theft of items (even those of moderate value) left in hotel rooms, home burglary, and pickpocketing and purse snatching near hotels and on trains and buses. Some tactics that residents of Algeria use to avoid being victimized include carrying only a minimum amount of cash and concealing it well and parking only in guarded locations. The police can be reached in Algerian cities by dialing 17. In rural areas, contact the gendarmerie nationale. Algeria does not give visas to persons whose passports indicate travel to Israel. Some hotels accept some credit cards. Before traveling, ask your credit card company if your card will be accepted in Algeria, and if not, bring travelers checks to cover your expenses. Algerian currency and customs regulations are strictly enforced. All currency must be declared upon entering the country, and completely accounted for when departing. Non-residents are required to change the equivalent of approximately $200 into Algerian dinars at the official exchange rate while in Algeria. You will need to present evidence of this currency exchange before you are allowed to depart the country. All hotel bills must be paid in hard currency such as U.S. dollars. Paid hotel receipts may be used as evidence of currency exchange. Bahrain Business representatives, conference and exhibition delegates, and holders of diplomatic and official passports may obtain a visitors visa, valid for up to three months, from the Bahrain Embassy in Washington, DC, or the UN Mission for Bahrain in New York. Persons in the above categories may also be able to obtain either a 7-day visa or a 72-hour transit visa at the Bahrain airport upon arrival if they present a confirmed return or onward air ticket. Single women who have no sponsor or family ties in Bahrain may have difficulty in obtaining an airport visa. In addition to an onward ticket, they may wish to secure in advance a sponsorship from a hotel that will arrange to have an airport visa waiting for them. The 72-hour airport visa can be extended, on a case by case basis, for up to one week if a Bahraini sponsor applies to the Immigration Director stating the purpose for the extension. A 7-day visa is possible for members of tourist groups, provided arrangements are made with the Directorate of Tourism and Archaeology in the Ministry of Information or through a private agency in Bahrain, such as a hotel, travel agent, or tour group organizer. Journalists planning travel to Bahrain should contact the Ministry of Information providing travel details at least one week in advance of arrival. The Ministry will then authorize airport officials to issue a 72-hour or a 7-day visa upon arrival. Failure to notify the Ministry may result in delay at the airport or denial of permission to enter the country. The Ministry's address is: P.O. Box 253, State of Bahrain; telephone: (973) 689-099; FAX (973) 780-345; telex: 8399 inform BN. Office hours: 0700-1400 Saturday through Wednesday. Water is drinkable though often highly saline. Conservative dress is recommended. Bahrain prohibits the import of pornography, firearms, ammunition, or of items such as knives, swords, or daggers that are capable of being used as weapons. Videotapes may be screened by customs in Bahrain and either confiscated or held until the traveler departs the country. Consumption of alcohol is allowed in most bars and restaurants, except during the month of Ramadan. If there is any indication that a driver has consumed alcohol, authorities will regard that as evidence of driving under the influence of alcohol. The penalty for drunken driving may be incarceration or a fine of 500 Bahraini dinars, the equivalent of $1,300. This fine can be increased to up to double that amount, depending on the circumstances of the case and the judge's decision. Under Bahraini law, convicted drug traffickers may receive the death penalty. Egypt There are no currency declaration requirements for travelers. Travelers may carry a maximum of 100 Egyptian pounds into or out of Egypt. Excess Egyptian currency found on a traveler entering Egypt will be confiscated. There are strict duties on the importation of expensive photographic and video equipment. This includes most types of equipment typically carried by tourists to Egypt, including all video and autofocus cameras. Travelers who wish to take such equipment with them on a temporary visit have the following options with customs authorities: (A) They may have it by model and serial number in their passports, so that the equipment can be cross-checked upon the traveler's departure from Egypt. In this instance no duty will be collected. (B) They have the equipment placed in storage for the duration of stay, in which case a storage fee may be collected. (C) Long term visitors or residents will pay a standard duty fee for importing the items and be issued a receipt (at the time of departure, the fee will be refunded upon presentation of the receipt). All persons entering Egypt from cholera or yellow fever areas must produce evidence of up-to-date immunizations. Immunization must have been administered before arrival--cholera at least 6 days before arrival and yellow fever at least 10 days. Travelers without evidence of required immunizations may not enter unless they are vaccinated and detained in quarantine for 6 or 10 days, respectively. Foreigners are required to register with the police within 7 days of arrival. Hotels usually take care of this. All hotel bills must be paid in foreign currency or in Egyptian pounds exchanged at the official bank rate, as evidenced by a bank receipt. All travelers to Egypt should be aware that Egyptian authorities strictly enforce drug laws. The death penalty may be imposed on anyone convicted of smuggling or selling marijuana, hashish, opium, or other narcotics. U.S. citizens are advised to avoid all travel to Iran. Travel to Iran continues to be dangerous because of the generally anti-American atmosphere and Iranian government hostility to the U.S. government. U.S. citizens traveling to Iran have been detained without charge, arrested, and harassed by Iranian authorities. Persons who violate Iranian laws, such as those concerning proper dress, may face penalties that are, at times, severe. U.S./Iranian dual nationals often have their U.S. passports confiscated, have been denied permission to leave Iran, have been compelled to serve in the Iranian armed forces, or have encountered other problems while in Iran. U.S. citizens who are the spouse or child of an Iranian citizen are also considered Iranian citizens and may be required to enter Iran using an Iranian passport. The wife and minor children of an Iranian citizen will not be allowed to leave Iran without the written permission of the husband or father. Before planning a trip to Iran, Americans who also possess Iranian nationality are advised to contact Overseas Citizens Services at 202-647-3926. The United States does not have diplomatic relations with Iran. U.S. interests in Iran are currently served by the Embassy of Switzerland. Iranian officials have often prevented Swiss officials from providing even minimal protective services to U.S. citizens. U.S. citizens are warned to avoid all travel to Iraq. Conditions in Iraq remain unsettled and dangerous and travel is extremely hazardous, particularly for U.S. citizens. On February 8, 1991, U.S. passports ceased to be valid for travel to, in, or through Iraq unless a special validation has been obtained. An automatic exemption to the restriction is granted to Americans residing in Iraq as of February 8, 1991, and to professional journalists on assignment. The categories of individuals eligible for consideration for special passport validation are representatives of the American or International Red Cross, persons with compelling humanitarian considerations, or applicants whose travel is determined to be in the national interest. Exceptions will be scrutinized carefully on a case- by-case basis. Requests for exceptions should be forwarded in writing Office of Citizenship Appeals and Legal Assistance U.S. Department of State 1111 19th Street, N.W., Suite 260 Washington, DC 20522-1705. Telephone: 202-955-0232 or 955-0231 The request must be accompanied by substantiating documentation according to the category under which an exception is sought. It must also include the prospective traveler's name, date and place of birth, and passport number. In addition, the Department of the Treasury prohibits all travel-related transactions by U.S. persons intending to visit Iraq, unless specifically licensed by the Office of Foreign Assets Control. The only exceptions are for persons engaged in journalism or in official U.S. government or U.N. business. Questions on U.S. Treasury restrictions should be directed to: Licensing Section Office of Foreign Assets Control U.S. Department of the Treasury Washington, DC 20220 Telephone: 202-622-2480. Mideast/north Africa travel (more) title qU.S. DEPARTMENT OF STATE TIPS FOR TRAVELERS TO THE MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA PUBLISHED BY THE BUREAU OF CONSULAR AFFAIRS DECEMBER 1994 Travelers granted exceptions to travel to Iraq should be aware that normal protection by U.S. diplomatic and consular representatives cannot be provided. U.S. interests in Iraq are represented by the government of Poland which can provide only limited emergency services to U.S. citizens. All travelers to Iraq are required to submit certification or be tested upon arrival for AIDS. Israel, the Gaza Strip, Jericho Area, and the Territories Occupied and Administered by Israel U.S. citizens do not need a visa to visit Israel, the West Bank, the Golan Heights, or the Gaza Strip and Jericho area In the Gaza Strip and Jericho area, a transfer of certain powers and responsibilities to the Palestinian Authority has taken place pursuant to the September 13, 1993 Israel-PLO Declaration of Principles on Interim Self-Governing Arrangements and the May 4, 1994 Cairo Agreement. Upon arrival in Israel, a U.S. citizen is issued a tourist visa that is valid for 3 months and is renewable. Anyone, however, who has been refused entry to Israel or experienced difficulties with their visa status during a previous visit should contact the nearest Israeli embassy or consulate before attempting to return to Israel. At ports of entry, Israeli officials determine a U.S. citizen's eligibility to enter Israel. Applicants may be questioned in detail and/or required to post a departure bond. Entering Israel American citizens have, on occasion, had their U.S. passports taken as a guarantee of their departure. If this should happen to you, contact a U.S. consular officer and report the seizure of your passport. Any U.S. citizen experiencing difficulties at points of entry, to Israel or the Gaza Strip, should ask to telephone the U.S. Embassy in Tel Aviv on 03- 517-4338 (weekends: 03-517-4347). Those experiencing difficulties attempting to enter from Jordan or who encounter difficulties in the Jericho area should ask to contact the U.S. Consulate General in Jerusalem on 02-253-288 (weekends 02-253-201). Although they will be pleased to assist you, neither the U.S. Embassy nor the Consulate General can guarantee the admission into Israel, the West Bank, Gaza Strip and Jericho area, or the Golan Heights of any traveler. Visitors to Israel will experience strict security screening. They may be subject to prolonged questioning, detailed searches of their personal effects and, in some cases, body searches. Anything that cannot be readily examined, such as tubes of toothpaste, cans of shaving cream, computers, cameras, and other electronic or video equipment may be refused entry and may be confiscated and destroyed. If you plan to bring electronic, video, or other high-tech equipment to Israel, check with an Israeli embassy or consulate as to whether it could pass through security. Cameras should be empty when going through security so they can be opened for inspection. American citizens with Arab surnames, and in particular those seeking to enter Israel at the Allenby Bridge from Jordan, may encounter extra delays, including greater difficulty in bringing cameras and electronic equipment into the country. Western dress is appropriate in Israel. At religious sites, attire should be modest. Religious holidays in Israel and Jerusalem are determined according to the Hebrew calendar and fall on different dates each year. It is likely that religious holidays in the Gaza Strip and Jericho area will be determined by the Moslem calendar, and also will fall on different dates each year. Because hotels are usually heavily booked before and during religious holidays, tourists should check holiday schedules with their travel agent or with the Embassy of Israel in Washington, D.C. Travelers should make reservations for holiday periods well in advance. Dangerous Areas On June 22, 1994, the Department of State issued a public announcement advising U.S. citizens to avoid travel to the Gaza Strip and West Bank, except for daylight visits to Bethlehem, Jericho, Highway 1 from Jerusalem to the Dead Sea , Route 90 through the Jordan Valley, and tourist sites along these routes, because of continuing disturbances in those areas. Should you decide to travel to the West Bank despite the public announcement, register with the U.S. Consulate General in Jerusalem. In the case of travel to Gaza or the Golan Heights, register with the U.S. Embassy in Tel Aviv. The situation in East Jerusalem, including the old city, is unpredictable and Americans should check with the U.S. Consulate General in Jerusalem for an update on conditions. Avoid demonstrations and other situations that have the potential to lead to violence and remember to carry your U.S. passport with you at all times. Persons who need to cross into Jordan via the West Bank can use the Allenby Bridge crossing near the city of Jericho or the Arava crossing located near Eilat in the southern part of the country. A new land crossing in the north, near the former location of the Sheik Hussein Bridge, is expected to open before the end of 1994. Travelers wishing to cross via the Allenby Bridge need a bridge crossing permit and a visa. Neither of these is obtainable in Israel. Some travelers arrange the papers through contacts in Jordan or use travel agents in East Jerusalem who specialize in this service. It takes several weeks to get the crossing permits and visas in order. Visas are not available at the bridge. They must be obtained ahead of time. The Allenby Bridge is open from 0800 to 1200 Sunday through Thursday and from 0800 to 1000 on Friday. It is closed on Saturday and on many Israeli holidays. Persons travelling on a U.S. passport who wish to travel via the Arava crossing do not need to have a previously obtained crossing permit or visa. Jordanian visas can be obtained at this crossing point for a fee of approximately $20 (U.S.). Israeli dual nationals with third country passports may use their other (e.g., U.S.) passport to obtain Israeli permission to exit Israel and apply for a Jordanian entry visa. Normally, all Israelis, including dual nationals, must use their Israeli passports to enter and exit Israel. Travelers are not allowed to bring their personal vehicles across the border unless the vehicles are registered in another country. The Arava crossing is open Sunday- Thursday from 0800 to 1600. Procedures for the Sheik Hussein Bridge crossing when it becomes operable are expected to be similar to those for the Arava crossing. A few areas in Israel are off-limits to unauthorized persons for military reasons. American visitors are expected to observe those off- limits restrictions. Conditions along Israel's cease-fire lines, including the Lebanese border, change frequently. U.S. travelers planning a visit close to the lines should first consult the U.S. Embassy in Tel Aviv. Dual Nationality It is our understanding that Israeli citizens who are naturalized in the United States retain their Israeli citizenship, and their children are considered Israeli citizens as well. In addition, children born in the United States to Israeli parents acquire both U.S. citizenship and Israeli nationality at birth. Israeli citizens, including dual nationals, are subject to Israeli laws requiring service in Israel's armed forces. Dual nationals of military age who do not wish to serve in the Israeli armed forces should contact the Israeli Embassy to obtain proof of exemption or deferment from Israeli military service before traveling to Israel. Departing Israel Persons leaving Israel by air are subjected to lengthy and detailed security questioning. Travelers should arrive at the airport several hours before flight time. There is no departure tax when leaving Israel. Jordan Travelers wishing to cross the Allenby-King Hussein Bridge from Jordan into the West Bank territories occupied by Israel must obtain written authorization by submitting their passport and one photo, in person, to the Jordanian Ministry of Interior three working days before the crossing date. The permit allows you to cross the bridge and to make a return crossing within 30 days. The bridge is open from 0800 to 1200 Sunday through Thursday and from 0800 to 1000 on Friday. The bridge is closed Saturdays and on many Israeli holidays. Travelers should arrive at the bridge at least one hour before closing time. Conservative dress is recommended for Jordan. Travelers with dual U.S. and Jordanian nationality should be aware that the Jordanian government may require them to enter and leave Jordan on a Jordanian passport. Males between the ages of 18 and 40 who possess dual nationality may need to prove that they have met their military service obligation. For further information, see the section on dual nationality on page 6. Kuwait Those traveling on a temporary or visitor visa to Kuwait must observe the length of stay permitted in their visas. Currently, most visitor visas are valid for one year, multiple entries, and stays of up to one month. Fines are charged for each day overstayed; the fine is currently 10 Kuwait dinars per day, per person (approximately $34 U.S.). Visitors to Kuwait should be aware of the danger of unexploded land mines, bombs, and shells throughout the country. Stay on main roads, do not travel on unpaved roads, and avoid open areas and beaches. The crime rate in Kuwait has increased from prewar levels and women have been objects of increased harassment. Woman should take precautions as they would in any large city, remaining alert to the possibility of being followed, whether they are walking or driving. They should not respond to any approach from strangers and should avoid travel alone in unfamiliar or isolated parts of the city, especially at night. Conservative dress is recommended for both men and women. Garments should fit loosely and cover elbows and knees. No alcohol, pork products, or pornographic materials may be imported into or used in Kuwait. If customs official discover prohibited items in a traveler's effects, he or she may be arrested and prosecuted. U.S. citizens should not go near the border with Iraq, and should be very careful when traveling north or west of Kuwait City. In recent years, a number of foreigners traveling near the border have been taken into custody by Iraqi officials and some have received lengthy prison sentences. Anyone who must travel or work near the demilitarized zone is strongly advised to contact the U.S. Embassy for further advice before their travel begins. Lebanon As of January 31, 1987, U.S. passports became invalid for travel to, in, or through Lebanon. U.S. citizens are advised to avoid all travel to Lebanon. The situation in the country is so dangerous that no U.S. citizen can be considered safe from terrorist acts. To avoid the possibility of transiting Lebanon, U.S. citizens should make certain that any international flight they book in the region does not make an intermediate stop in Beirut. Such stops are not always announced. Individuals in the following categories are eligible for consideration for special passport validation: professional journalists, representatives of the American or International Red Cross, persons with compelling humanitarian considerations, or persons whose travel is determined to be in the national interest. Applications for exceptions to the U.S. passport restriction may be made following the procedures outlined on page 17 in the section on Iraq. U.S. dual nationals do not violate U.S. law if they use a foreign passport for travel to Lebanon, but they are required to use their U.S. passport when they depart from and return to the United States. There are no U.S. Treasury restrictions on travel to Lebanon. Travelers who are granted passport exceptions to travel to Lebanon should be aware that normal protection of U.S. diplomatic and consular representatives cannot be provided. The U.S. Embassy in Beirut is not fully staffed and its personnel operate under exceptionally tight security conditions. Local telephone service is unreliable, and it is extremely difficult to contact the U.S. Embassy or place a local call from most of the country. Libya On December 10, 1981, U.S. passports ceased to be valid for travel to, in, or through Libya unless a special validation has been obtained, and on January 8, 1986, U.S. economic sanctions were imposed on Libya. In addition, on March 31, 1992, United Nations sanctions were imposed. These sanctions include an air embargo which took effect April 15, 1992. The categories of individuals eligible for consideration for special passport validation are professional journalists, representatives of the American or International Red Cross, persons with compelling humanitarian considerations, or persons whose travel is determined to be in the national interest. All financial and commercial transactions with Libya are prohibited, unless licensed by the Office of Foreign Assets Control, U.S. Treasury Department. For the addresses to which applications can be made to overcome both the U.S. passport and the U.S. Treasury restrictions, see the section on Iraq, page 17. Those persons granted exceptions to travel to Libya should be aware that there is no U.S. mission in Libya and U.S. interests are represented by the government of Belgium which can provide only limited protection for U.S. citizens. Morocco U.S. citizens do not require a visa for a tourist or business visit of up to 3 months. There are no tourist visas to Oman, and visa requirements for business travelers are stringent. Anyone arriving in Oman without a visa is subject to arrest. A business visitor must contact an Omani sponsor, either a businessman or firm, for assistance in procuring a non- objection certificate (NOC). The sponsor should begin application procedures several weeks ahead of expected travel. American firms new to Oman may receive guidance on Omani sponsorship from the commercial office of the U.S. Embassy in Muscat. They should send a telex (TLX 3785 AMEMBMUS ON) describing their company's activities and what they expect to accomplish in Oman. Relatives of Omanis may be sponsored for a short visit using the NOC procedure. Although Oman imposes stringent entry requirements for all visitors, it does not require exit permits. Conservative dress is recommended for Oman. No alcohol, firearms, pornography or fresh food may be imported. Qatar U.S. citizens must have a visa to enter Qatar. To receive a visa, an applicant must be sponsored by a resident of Qatar, a local business, or by the hotel at which he or she will be staying. After obtaining a sponsor, travelers may apply for visas at a Qatari embassy or consulate. A sponsor can arrange to have a visa waiting for the U.S. traveler upon his or her arrival at Doha's International Airport. However, a traveler should ask his or her sponsor for written confirmation that an airport visa has been approved prior to departing for Qatar. Passengers may transit Qatar without a visa if they continue their journey within 24 hours and have confirmed reservations on the same or the next available flight. Transit passengers may not leave the transit lounge of Doha Airport. Qatar is a traditional Muslim country. Conservative dress and behavior are strongly recommended for all visitors. Travelers to Qatar may not bring in narcotics, weapons, items deemed pornographic, or pork products. Luggage is subject to careful inspection by customs officials. Qatar's population is approximately 400,000, of whom an estimated 100,000 are Qataris. Serious crime is virtually unknown and medical facilities are adequate. Although Arabic is the official language, English is widely spoken. Saudi Arabia Nearly 36% of the inhabitants of Saudi Arabia are resident foreigners. This includes approximately 30,000 American citizens. English is acknowledged as a second language and is taught in the secondary schools. Islam dominates all aspects of life in Saudi Arabia-- government policy, cultural norms, and social behavior. Islam is the only official religion of the country, and public observance of any other religion is forbidden. The Saudi government considers it a sacred duty to safeguard two of the greatest shrines of Islam, the holy mosques located in the cities of Mecca and Medina. Travel to Mecca and Medina is forbidden to non-Muslims. Muslims throughout the world turn to Mecca five times a day for prayer. Restaurants, stores, and other public places close for approximately a half-hour upon hearing the call to prayer, and Muslims stop their activities to pray during that time. Government and business activities are noticeably curtailed during the month of Ramadan, during the celebrations at the end of Ramadan, and during the time of the annual pilgrimage to Mecca, the Hajj. Travel facilities into, out of, and within Saudi Arabia are crowded during these periods. Saudi Arabian Social Norms. U.S. citizens are advised that Saudi Arabia is a conservative country with a rigorous code of public behavior that everyone, including foreigners, is fully expected to observe. In particular, Westerners need to be aware of the standards of appropriate attire and the prohibition of mingling of the sexes in public places. Dress. Although Westerners have some leeway in dress and social contacts within company residential compounds, both men and women should dress conservatively in public. Women's clothing should be loose fitting and concealing, with high necks, skirts worn well below the knee, and sleeves below the elbow. It is recommended that women not wear pants. Social Behavior in Public. Females are prohibited from driving vehicles or riding bicycles on public roads, or in places where they might be observed. Males and females beyond childhood are not free to congregate together in most public places, and a man may be arrested for being seen with, walking with, traveling with, or driving a woman other than his wife or immediate relative. In Saudi Arabia, playing of music or dancing in public, mixed bathing, public showing of movies, and consumption of alcoholic beverages are forbidden. Saudi religious police, known as Mutawwa, have been empowered to enforce the conservative interpretation of Islamic codes of dress and behavior for women, and may rebuke or harass women who do not cover their heads or whose clothing is insufficiently concealing. In addition, in more conservative areas, there have been incidents of private Saudi citizens stoning, accosting, or pursuing foreigners, including U.S. citizens, for perceived dress code or other infractions. While most such incidents have resulted in little more than inconvenience or embarrassment for the individual targeted, there have been incidents where Westerners were physically harmed. U.S. citizens in Saudi Arabia should be aware of Saudi social practices, and that any infractions may be dealt with aggressively. If you are accosted by Saudi authorities, cooperate fully in accordance with local customs and regulations. U.S. citizens who are harassed by private Saudi citizens or Saudi authorities should report the incidents immediately to the U.S. Embassy in Riyadh or the U.S. Consulate General either in Dhahran or in Jeddah. Entry Visas and Requirements. The Saudi government does not issue tourist visas. It issues two types of entry visas: one for temporary business visits or to visit relatives, the other for individuals entering Saudi Arabia on an employment contract. Temporary Visits. All applicants for temporary visitor visas for the purpose of business consultations must have a Saudi company or individual sponsor their applications. Individuals who wish to visit non-Saudi relatives must have their relatives' Saudi sponsor request authorization of their applications through the Saudi Foreign Ministry. Persons present in Saudi Arabia on temporary visitor visas should not surrender their passports to the Saudi sponsor. The passport and visa are the only evidence of the bearer's legal right to be present in the country. If an individual is present in the Kingdom on a temporary visitor visa and has obtained Saudi sponsorship for employment, he or she must exit Saudi Arabia to obtain an entry visa for employment. This visa need not be issued in the individual's country of origin, but the applicant must be physically present to apply for the visa. Employment and Residence. Visas for employment and residence are obtained the same way as visas for temporary visits. Documentation, such as a letter from the sponsoring company, a copy of your signed contract, or a notarized copy of the your university degree may also be required. Before you sign a contract with a Saudi company, it is extremely important you obtain an independent English translation of the contract. The official and binding version of the contract that you sign is the Arabic text. Some Americans have signed contracts that in fact did not include all of the benefits they believed they were acquiring. The employee's dependents (spouse and children under the age of 18) may be brought into Saudi Arabia only with the concurrence of the Saudi sponsor and authorization of the Foreign Ministry. Ordinarily, only managers and professionals (holders of college degrees) may bring their families. Children over age 18 are likely to be refused residence. Exit Visas. Persons entering Saudi Arabia for the purpose of employment are issued residence permits (iqamas). These permits are evidence of legal residence in Saudi Arabia and must be retained at all times. Foreign residents are not permitted to travel between different major regions of Saudi Arabia unless permission is noted in their permits. A resident in Saudi Arabia may not depart the country under any circumstances, however exigent, without obtaining an exit visa. Exit visas are issued only upon request of the Saudi sponsor. U.S. consular officials are not able to 'sponsor' exit visas for Americans resident in Saudi Arabia under any circumstances. In a genuine emergency, however, consular officials will attempt to facilitate the Saudi sponsor's request for the exit visa. Residents in Saudi Arabia are almost always required to surrender their passports, and those of their dependents, to the Saudi sponsor. This practice is specifically authorized in the Saudi employment law. If an urgent need for travel exists and if the Saudi sponsor will not release the first passport, the U.S. Embassy or Consulate can issue a replacement passport. The issuance of a replacement passport does not guarantee, however, that a person will be able to depart, since the replacement passport would not contain a Saudi residence permit or exit visa. Mixed Marriages. A married woman residing with her Saudi husband should be aware that she must have her husband's permission to depart or have their children depart from Saudi Arabia. This is true even if the woman or children are U.S. citizens. The husband is the sponsor of his foreign wife and of his children, and is, as such, the only individual who can request an exit visa for the wife or children. Commercial and Business Disputes. Disputes between parties who do not have a signed formal contract must be settled through mutual agreement or through an appeal to the local governor (amir) for judgment. Such disputes usually involve business representatives on temporary visitor visas. Some Saudi business sponsors have gained possession of the passports of their visitors to use as leverage in disputes, but this is not authorized under Saudi law. Commercial disputes between parties who have a formal contract can be brought to the Commercial Arbitration Board of the Saudi Chamber of Commerce or to the Committee for the Settlement of Commercial Disputes in the Ministry of Commerce. Disputes involving a government agency may be brought before the Grievance Board, an autonomous court body under the Office of the King. Employer/employee disputes may be brought before the Committee for the Settlement of Labor Disputes in the Ministry of Labor. An amicable out-of-court settlement is always the best and least expensive way to resolve a dispute, since referring matters to commercial or labor tribunals can be costly and time consuming. Ultimate responsibility for obtaining private legal counsel and resolving a dispute through the Saudi legal system lies with the parties involved. Consular officers will offer lists of local attorneys to help settle such disputes. Business visitors should be aware that if the Saudi party in a commercial dispute files a complaint with the authorities, Saudi law permits barring the exit of the foreign party until the dispute is completely settled, including payment of any damages. Saudi law is applied exclusively in all commercial and contract dispute cases, even if the contract was drawn up and/or signed outside Saudi Arabia. Remember that the Arabic text of the contract or agreement is the text that is considered binding. Customs Clearance. Customs clearance procedures in Saudi Arabia are formal, thorough, and lengthy and may involve a full search of every piece of luggage. Transit passengers who wish to leave the transit area of the airport are subject to the same strict searches as arriving passengers. Vaccinations. Travelers to Saudi Arabia may wish to get a meningococcal vaccine prior to departure, and may be required to have one during the Hajj. Before traveling, consult the Centers for Disease Control (see page 9) for updated recommendations on this and other vaccines. AIDS Clearance. All persons going to Saudi Arabia for purposes of employment are required to present a certification stating that they are free of the Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome virus. The test should be included as part of the global medical examination which is given to those who enter Saudi Arabia on a work permit. It is not required of travelers entering Saudi Arabia on a temporary visitor visa. Photography. Visitors should not photograph mosques, people who are praying, military or government installations, and key industrial, communications, or transportation facilities. If you have any doubts about what you may photograph, request permission first. Alcohol and Drugs. Import, manufacture, possession, and consumption of alcoholic beverages or drugs are strictly forbidden. Saudi officials make no exceptions. Americans have spent up to a year in Saudi prisons for alcohol-related offenses. Americans have also been sentenced to receive 75 or more lashes in lieu of prison for failing a blood test for alcohol. Travelers should also exercise extreme care and discretion when consuming alcohol on flights landing in the Kingdom. Persons obviously inebriated are subject to arrest or deportation. Many drugs sold with or without prescription in other countries may be illegal in Saudi Arabia. For instance, captagon (fenetylline hydrochloride), a drug used to treat exhaustion which is available without a prescription in some countries in Asia, is considered an illegal substance in Saudi Arabia. Americans in Saudi Arabia have received prison sentences of up to 2 1/2 months and 70 lashes for possession of captagon. The attempted importation of drugs or controlled substances, even in very small amounts, is a serious offense under Saudi law. The traveler will be arrested and tried for carrying drugs into the country. Americans have served prisons sentences for drug possession or use. The death penalty for drug smugglers and traffickers convicted of a second offense underscores the gravity with which authorities treat drug offenses in the Kingdom. Customs authorities are now using dogs to detect drugs at Saudi airports. Prescription drugs in small quantities, clearly labeled with the traveler's name, doctor's name, pharmacy, and contents on the original container, should cause no problem. It is wise to carry a copy of the prescription as well. The importation of drugs in large amounts, however, can be done legally only through the Ministry of Health. Other Forbidden Items. Items considered pornographic by Saudi standards, including magazines and video cassettes, are strictly forbidden. It is also illegal to import firearms of any type, ammunition, related items such as gunsights and gun magazines, food items, and banned books. Mideast/north Africa travel (more) title ,U.S. DEPARTMENT OF STATE TIPS FOR TRAVELERS TO THE MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA PUBLISHED BY THE BUREAU OF CONSULAR AFFAIRS DECEMBER 1994 Personal religious items such as a Bible or a rosary are usually permitted, but travelers should be aware that on occasion, these items have been seized at entry and not returned to the traveler. Pets. Most pets, except dogs, may be brought into the country provided they are accompanied by a health certificate authenticated by the Saudi consulate in the country of origin. Dogs are banned with the exception of guard dogs, hunting dogs, and seeing-eye dogs. Dogs in these excepted categories must be accompanied by a health certificate and a certificate authenticated by the Saudi consulate in the country of origin that attests that the dog fits into one of the exempt categories. Syria All visitors to Syria must have a valid Syrian visa on arrival in the country. Although airport visas are technically available, they are virtually unattainable. Syrian law does not recognize the U.S. citizenship of a naturalized Syrian unless the Syrian government has given that person permission to renounce Syrian nationality. U.S.-Syrian dual nationals who have not received that permission are considered Syrian when they enter Syria even when they enter on their U.S. passports. A Syrian male cannot leave the country until he has satisfied the requirement for military service. (Syrian-American males who have not completed the obligatory military service, but who wish to visit Syria should contact the Syria Embassy in Washington for more information.) This does not apply to a man who is the only son in a family, but it applies to all other men of normal military service age or older. Any person, male or female, who is considered Syrian may take no more than $2,000 worth of convertible currency out of Syria, no matter how much they may have brought into the country. U.S. citizens of Syrian origin may experience difficulties if they remain in Syria after the expiration of their visas. If you are a dual national, check with the Syrian Embassy on the obligations of Syrian citizenship before you visit Syria. Travelers may bring any amount of currency into Syria. Syrian law does not require currency to be declared unless the total is more than $5,000. It is wise, however, to declare any currency you have, because you can not take currency out of Syria unless it has been declared upon arrival. There are two rates of exchange in Syria. In addition to the official rate, Syrian pounds may be purchased at the more favorable 'neighboring country rate' at the Syrian Commercial Bank or at a major hotel if you have convertible currency in cash or travelers checks. Hotel bills must be paid in convertible currency or with Syrian pounds obtained at the official rate from the Commercial Bank of Syria (receipt required). Meals and all other purchases can be paid for with Syrian pounds and do not require official rate certification. Credit card charges may be figured at either the official rate or the neighboring country rate. Travelers should check which rate will apply before making any credit card purchase. Syrian pounds cannot be taken out of Syria. Travelers cannot convert Syrian pounds back into convertible currency, and should therefore not purchase more of the currency than they expect to spend in Syria. Conservative dress is recommended for Syria. Travelers should exercise caution when photographing historic sites. Photographs may be taken of regular tourist attractions, such as ancient ruins and temples, but warnings are issued against photographing government buildings, government property, and anything other than tourist sites. Tunisia U.S. citizens do not need a visa for a tourist or business visit of up to four months, but must possess return or onward tickets. No local currency may be imported or exported. As of August 1991, naturalized U.S. citizens of Tunisian origin are no longer required to have a Tunisian travel document in order to depart from Tunisia. They may enter and depart Tunisia on their U.S. passport. United Arab Emirates The United Arab Emirates (U.A.E.) is a federation of seven independent emirates. Visitors to the U.A.E. must obtain a visa before arrival. Some of the Emirates allow hotels or airlines to sponsor persons entering for short visits. Persons who overstay their visas are subject to fines and/or imprisonment. Both penalties have been imposed on U.S. citizens. The U.A.E. prohibits the import of pornography, controlled substances, firearms, ammunition, or items capable of being used as weapons. Videotapes will be screened by customs officials, an often lengthy process, and may be confiscated. Non-Muslims may consume alcohol in licensed bars or restaurants. Visitors may apply for a temporary U.A.E. driver's licence upon presentation of a valid U.S. license. There are strict penalties for persons involved in traffic accidents while under the influence of alcohol, including lashings for Muslims. Women residing in the U.A.E. do not require their husband's permission to travel abroad, but a husband may block his wife's departure by submitting her name to immigration authorities. The U.A.E. does not recognize dual nationality, and U.A.E. citizenship is transmitted through the father regardless of the child's place of birth. Dual national children generally must enter and depart the U.A.E. using their U.A.E. passports. Yemen Conditions in Yemen remain unsettled due to the recent end of Yemen's civil war. Ordnance such as mines, left over from the war, may pose a hazard to travelers. U.S. citizens should exercise caution in Yemen and avoid travel in remote areas. Local tribal disputes have occasionally led to violence. Westerners, including U.S. citizens, have been kidnapped as a result of such local disputes, and vehicles have been hijacked. Urban violence and crime is a growing problem in Yemen, including within the capital, Sanaa. Visitor visas, which are usually valid for entry for up to one month, are required. Entry to Yemen may be denied to persons with passports showing Israeli visas or entry/exit stamps. Because of the 7200 feet altitude of Sanaa and the lack of adequate medical facilities, travelers may wish to consult their physicians before visiting Yemen. Independent travel in Yemen is difficult; it is advisable to arrange your trip though a travel agent. Photography of military installations, equipment, or troops is forbidden. Foreign Embassies in the United States Embassy of ALGERIA 2137 Wyoming Ave., NW Washington, DC 20008 (202) 265-2800 Embassy of BAHRAIN 3502 International Dr., NW Washington, DC 20008 (202) 342-0741 Embassy of EGYPT Consular Section 2310 Decatur Place, NW Washington, DC 20008 (202) 234-3903 IRANIAN Interests Section Embassy of PAKISTAN 2209 Wisconsin Ave., NW Washington, DC 20007 (202) 965-4990 IRAQI Interests Section Embassy of ALGERIA 1801 P Street NW Washington, DC 20036 (202) 387-0171 Embassy of ISRAEL 3514 International Dr., NW Washington, DC 20008 (202) 364-5500 Embassy of JORDAN 3504 International Dr., NW Washington, DC 20008 (202) 966-2664 Embassy of KUWAIT 2940 Tilden Street, NW Washington, DC 20008 (202) 966-0702 Embassy of LEBANON 2560 28th Street, NW Washington, DC 20008 (202) 939-6300 Embassy of MOROCCO 1601 21st Street, NW Washington, DC 20009 (202) 462-7979 Embassy of OMAN 2535 Belmont Rd., NW Washington, DC 20008 (202) 387-1980 Embassy of QATAR 600 New Hampshire Ave., NW Suite 1180 Washington, DC 20037 (202) 338-0111 Embassy of SAUDI ARABIA 601 New Hampshire Ave., NW Washington, DC 20037 (202) 342-3800 Embassy of SYRIA 2215 Wyoming Avenue, NW Washington, DC 20008 (202) 232-6313 Embassy of TUNISIA 1515 Massachusetts Ave., NW Washington, DC 20005 (202) 862-1850 Embassy of the UNITED ARAB EMIRATES 600 New Hampshire Ave., NW Suite 740 Washington, DC 20037 (202) 338-6500 Embassy of YEMEN 600 New Hampshire Ave. NW Suite 840 Washington, DC 20037 (202) 965-4760 U.S. Embassies and Consulates Abroad Note: workweek is Monday-Friday except where noted. ALGERIA Workweek: Sat.-Wed. American Embassy 4 Chemin Cheich Bachir Brahimi 16000 Algiers, ALGERIA Tel. (213-2) 601-425/255/186 BAHRAIN Workweek: Sat.-Wed. American Embassy Bldg. 979, Road No. 3119 Zinj District (Next to Al Ahli Sports Club) Manama, BAHRAIN Tel. (973) 273-300; afterhours 275-126 EGYPT Workweek: Sun.-Thurs. American Embassy 8 Kamal El-Din Salah Street Cairo, EGYPT Tel. (20-2) 355-7371 Workweek: Sun.-Thurs. U.S. Interests Section Embassy of SWITZERLAND Bucharest Avenue & 17th Street, No. 5 Tehran, IRAN Tel. (98-21) 625-223/4, 626-906 Workweek: Sun.-Thurs. U.S. Interests Section Embassy of POLAND Hay Babil, Section 929 Lane 7, House 17, Alwiyah Baghdad, IRAQ Tel. (964-1) 719-613819, 718-1840 ISRAEL American Embassy 7l Hayarkon Street Tel Aviv, ISRAEL Tel. (972-3) 517-4338; afterhours 517-4347 U.S. Consular Agency (limited services only) 12 Jerusalem Street Haifa 33132, ISRAEL Tel. (972-4) 670-615; afterhours 246-386 JERUSALEM American Consulate General Consular Section 27 Nablus Road Jerusalem 94190 Tel. (972-2) 253-288 JORDAN Workweek: Sun.-Thurs. American Embassy Abdoun Amman, JORDAN Tel. (962-6) 820-101 KUWAIT Workweek: Sat.-Wed. American Embassy 13001 SAFAT Kuwait, KUWAIT Tel. (965) 242-4151 thru 9 LEBANON American Embassy Awkar Beirut, LEBANON Tel. (961-1) 402-200, 403-300 MOROCCO American Embassy 2 Avenue de Marrakech Rabat, MOROCCO Tel. (212-7) 762-265 American Consulate General 8 Boulevard Moulay Youssef Casablanca, MOROCCO Tel. (212-2) 264-550 Workweek: Sat.-Wed., 0730-1600 American Embassy PO Box 50202 Madinat Qaboos Muscat, OMAN Tel. (968) 698-989 after 4pm 699-049 QATAR Workweek: Sat.-Wed. American Embassy 149 Ahmed Bin Ali Street Farig Bin Omran Doha, QATAR Tel. (974) 864-701/2/3 afterhours 448-8888 SAUDI ARABIA Workweek: Sat.-Wed. American Embassy Collector Road M Diplomatic Quarter Riyadh, SAUDI ARABIA Tel. (966-1) 488-3800 American Consulate General Between Aramco Hqrs. and Dhahran Int'l. Airport Dhahran, SAUDI ARABIA Tel. (966-3) 891-3200 American Consulate General Palestine Road, Ruwais Jeddah, SAUDI ARABIA Tel. (966-2) 667-0080 SYRIA Workweek: Sun.-Thurs. American Embassy Abou Roumaneh Al-Mansur Street No. 2 Damascus, SYRIA Tel. (963-11) 333-2814, 771-4108, 333-0788; afterhours 333-3232 TUNISIA American Embassy 144 Ave. de la Liberte Tunis, TUNISIA Tel. (216-1) 782-566 UNITED ARAB EMIRATES Workweek: Sat.-Wed. American Embassy Al-Sudan Street Abu Dhabi, U.A.E. Tel. (971-2) 436-691; after hours 434-457 American Consulate General Dubai International Trade Center Dubai, U.A.E. Tel. (971-4) 313-115 YEMEN Workweek: Sat.-Wed. American Embassy Dhar Himyar Zone Sheraton Hotel District Sanaa, YEMEN Tel. (967-1) 238-842/52 (###) [END OF Tips for Travelers to the Middle East and North Africa] Older Americans travel tips title tqtqTRAVEL TIPS FOR OLDER AMERICANS (Consular Affairs Topics) International travel can be a rich and rewarding adventure. Whether you have waited a lifetime to take the perfect trip or are an experienced world traveler, we would like to offer some advice to help you plan a safe and healthy trip. American consuls at U.S. embassies and consulates abroad are there to help if you encounter serious difficulties in your travels. They are happy to meet you if you come in to register your passport at the consular section of the U.S. embassy or consulate. But it is also their duty to assist American citizens abroad in times of emergency--at hospitals or police stations, for instance. This pamphlet is written in the hopes that it will help you to prevent such emergencies from arising. Preparation for Your Trip Start Early. Apply for your passport as soon as possible. Three months before your departure date should give you plenty of time. See the section, "Passports and Visas," on page 6 for details on how to apply. Learn About the Countries You Plan to Visit. The countries you visit will seem like old friends if, before you go, you read up on their culture, people, and history. Bookstores and libraries are good resources. Travel magazines and the travel sections of major newspapers tell about places to visit and also give advice on everything from discount airfares to international health insurance. Many travel agents and foreign tourist bureaus provide free information on travel abroad. Travel Advisories. The Department of State issues travel advisories concerning serious health or security conditions that may affect U.S. citizens. If you are traveling to an area where there may be problems, you may contact the nearest U.S. passport agency or the Department of State's Citizens Emergency Center on (202) 647-5225 to learn whether there are travel advisories in effect for the countries you plan to visit. Charter Flights. Before you pay for a charter flight or travel package, read your contract carefully and see what guarantee it gives that the company will deliver the services that it is trying to sell you. Tour operators sometimes go out of business in the middle of a season, leaving passengers stranded, holding unusable return tickets and unable to obtain a refund for the unused portion of their trip. Unless you are certain a company is reputable, check its credentials with your local Better Business Bureau (BBB). The BBB maintains complaint files for a year. You can also check with the consumer affairs office of the American Society of Travel Agents, 1101 King Street, Alexandria, VA 22314, tel. (703) 739-2782 to learn if a travel company has a complaint record. Trip Insurance. One sure way to ruin a vacation is to lose money because an emergency forces you to postpone or cancel your trip. Except for tickets on regularly scheduled airlines, almost any travel package you purchase will have a penalty for cancellation and some companies will give no refund at all. Regularly scheduled airlines usually give a refund if an illness or death in the family forces you to cancel. They require a note from the doctor or a death certificate. Take careful note of the cancellation penalty for any other large travel purchase you make such as a tour package, charter flight, or cruise. Unless you can afford to lose that amount, protect yourself by buying trip insurance. If you invest in trip insurance, make sure your policy covers all reasonable possibilities for your having to cancel. For instance, if an emergency with a family member would force you to cancel, insure against that as well. Some trip insurance policies will also give a refund if the company goes out of business or otherwise does not make good on its offering. The best insurance against company default is to choose a reputable company that guarantees a refund if they do not deliver the goods. If, however, you are tempted to purchase a tour at a great bargain price and you can't find a guarantee of delivery in the fine print, protect yourself by purchasing trip insurance that covers company default. Shop around for the trip insurance policy that offers the most benefits. Some credit card and traveler's check companies offer travel protection packages for an additional fee. Benefits may even include accident and illness coverage while traveling. Health Insurance. The Social Security Medicare program does not provide for payment of hospital or medical services obtained outside the U.S. However, some Medicare supplement plans offer foreign medical care coverage at no extra cost for treatments considered eligible under Medicare. These are reimbursement plans. You must pay the bills first and obtain receipts in order to submit them later for compensation. Many of these plans have a dollar ceiling per trip. Review your health insurance policy. Obtaining medical treatment and hospital care abroad can be expensive. If your Medicare supplement or other medical insurance does not provide protection while traveling outside the United States, we strongly urge you to buy coverage that does. There are short-term health and emergency assistance policies called medical assistance programs that are designed specifically for travelers. Medical Assistance Programs. One strong advantage of medical assistance programs is that they also cover the exorbitant cost of medical evacuation in the event of an accident or serious illness. As part of the coverage, these companies usually offer emergency consultation by telephone. They may refer you to the nearest hospital or call directly for help for you. If you need an interpreter, they may translate your instructions to a health care worker on the scene. Another benefit that is normally part of such coverage is payment for the return of remains to the United States in case of death. If your regular health insurance already covers you for medical expenses abroad, you can buy a medical assistance program that offers all the consultative and evacuation services listed above except for the health insurance itself. The cost of medical assistance coverage can be as low as $25 for a 2-week trip without health insurance coverage or $49 for the complete medical assistance program including health insurance. On the other hand, escorted medical evacuation can cost thousands of dollars. If your travel agent cannot direct you to a medical assistance company, look for information on such services in travel magazines. Once you have adequate coverage, carry your insurance policy identity cards and claim forms with you when you travel. Medication. If you require medication, bring an ample supply in its original containers. Because of strict laws concerning narcotics throughout the world, bring along copies of your prescriptions and, if you have an unusual prescription, carry a letter from your physician explaining your need for the drug. As an extra precaution, carry the generic names of your medications with you because pharmaceutical companies overseas may use different names from those used in the United States. If you wear eyeglasses, take an extra pair with you. Pack medicines and extra eyeglasses in your hand luggage so they will be available in case your checked luggage is lost. To be extra secure, pack a backup supply of medicines and a third pair of eyeglasses in your checked luggage. If you have allergies, reactions to certain medications, foods, or insect bites, or other unique medical problems, consider wearing a "medical alert" bracelet. You may also wish to carry a letter from your physician explaining desired treatment should you become ill. Immunizations. Information on immunizations and health precautions for travelers can be obtained from local health departments, the U.S. Public Health Service, private doctors, or travel clinics. General guidance can also be found in the U.S. Public Health Service book, Health Information for International Travel. To order this book, see page 12. Passport. Pack an "emergency kit" to help you get a replacement passport in case yours is lost or stolen. To make a kit: photocopy the data page at the front of your passport; write down the addresses and telephone numbers of the U.S. embassies and consulates in the countries you plan to visit; and put this information along with two passport-size photographs in a place separate from your passport. Leave a Detailed Itinerary. Give a friend or relative your travel schedule. Include: names, addresses, and telephone numbers of persons and places to be visited; your passport number and the date and place it was issued; and credit card, traveler's check, and airline ticket numbers. Keep a copy of this information for yourself in a separate place from your purse or wallet. If you change your travel plans--for example, if you miss your return flight to the United States or extend your trip--be sure to notify relatives or friends at home. Don't Overprogram. Allow time to relax and really enjoy yourself. Even if this is your once-in-a-lifetime trip, don't feel you have to fill every available minute. If you are visiting a country such as China, where physical activity can be quite strenuous and sudden changes in diet and climate can have serious health consequences for the unprepared traveler, consult your physician before you depart. What to Pack. Carefully consider the clothing you take. Don't pack more than you need and end up lugging around heavy suitcases. Wash-and-wear clothing and sturdy walking shoes are good ideas. Consider the climate and season in the countries you will visit and bring an extra outfit for unexpectedly warm or cool weather. A sweater or shawl is always useful for cooler evenings and air-conditioned planes and hotels. Dress conservatively--a wardrobe that is flashy or too causal may attract the attention of thieves or con artists. Include a change of clothing in your carry-on luggage. Otherwise, if your bags are lost, you could be wearing the same clothes you were traveling in during the entire time it takes to locate your luggage--an average of 72 hours. Do not pack anything that you would hate to lose such as valuable jewelry, family photographs, or objects of sentimental value. PASSPORTS AND VISAS Passports. It is a good idea to apply 3 months before you plan to travel. If you also need visas, allow more time as you must have a valid passport before applying for a visa. If this is your first passport, you must apply in person, bringing with you proof of U.S. citizenship (usually a certified copy of your birth certificate, a naturalization certificate, or a consular report of birth abroad); 2 identical recent front-view photos (2" x 2"); a completed passport application (Form DSP-11); proof of identity such as a valid driver's license or other photo or physical-description I.D.; and the fee of $42 for a passport valid for 10 years. You may apply at any passport agency (see list at the end of this pamphlet) or at one of the many clerks of court or post offices designated to accept passport applications. Your birth certificate or other documents will be returned to you by mail, along with your new passport. You may be eligible to apply for a passport by mail. If you have had a full-validity passport issued within the past 12 years and you are able to mail the passport with your application, you can use Form DSP-82, "Application for Passport by Mail," to apply. Obtain this form from any office that accepts passport applications or from your travel agent. Follow the instructions on the back of the form. The renewal passport fee is $35. When you receive your passport, be sure to sign it on page 1 and to pencil in on page 4 the requested information. This wi1l help us notify your family or friends in case of an accident or other emergency. Do not designate your traveling companion as the person to be notified in case of an emergency. Visas. Many countries require a visa--an endorsement or stamp placed in your passport by a foreign government that permits you to visit that country for a specified purpose and a limited time. Many countries require you to obtain a visa from their consular office nearest to your residence. The addresses of foreign consular offices can be found in telephone directories of large cities or in the Congressional Directory, available in most libraries; or you may write to the appropriate embassy in Washington, D.C. and request the address of their consulate that is nearest to you. Apply for your visa directly to the embassy or consulate of each country you plan to visit or ask your travel agent to assist you with visas. U.S. passport agencies cannot obtain visas for you. An increasing number of countries are establishing entry requirements regarding AIDS testing, particularly for long-term residents and students. Check with the embassy or consulate of the countries you plan to visit for the latest information. MONEY AND VALUABLES Don't Take Your Money in Cash. Bring most of your money in traveler's checks. Have a reasonable amount of cash with you, but not more than you will need for a day or two. Convert your traveler's checks to local currency as you use them rather than all at once. You may also wish to bring at least one internationally-recognized credit card. Before you leave, find out what your credit card limit is and do not exceed it. In some countries, travelers who have innocently exceeded their limit have been arrested for fraud. Leave unneeded credit cards at home. If you must take jewelry or other valuables, use hotel security vaults to store them. It is wise to register such items with U.S. Customs before leaving the United States to make customs processing easier when you return. It is a violation of law in some countries to enter or exit with that country's currency. Check with a travel agent or the embassy or consulate of the countries you plan to visit to learn their currency restrictions. Before departing from the U.S., you may wish, if allowed, to purchase small amounts of foreign currency and coins to use for buses, taxis, telephone calls, and other incidentals when you first arrive in a country. You may purchase foreign currency from some banks or from foreign exchange dealers. Most international airports also have money exchange facilities. Once you are abroad, local banks generally give more favorable rates of exchange than hotels, restaurants, or stores for converting your U.S. dollars and traveler's checks into foreign currency. YOUR TRIP Driving. U.S. auto insurance is usually not valid outside of the United States and Canada. When you drive in any other country, be sure to buy adequate auto insurance in that country. When renting a car abroad, make certain that adequate insurance is part of your contract; otherwise, purchase additional coverage in an amount similar to that which you carry at home. Flying. On long flights, break up long periods of sitting. Leave your seat from time to time and also do in-place exercises. This will help prevent your arriving tired and stiff-jointed. Also, get some exercise after a long flight. For example, take a walk or use your hotel's exercise room. Reconfirm. Upon arrival at each stopover, reconfirm your onward reservations. When possible, obtain a written confirmation. International flights generally require confirmation 72 hours in advance. If your name does not appear on the reservation list, you could find yourself stranded. Register. If you plan to be in a location for 2 weeks or more or in an area where there is civil unrest or any other emergency situation, register with the nearest U.S. embassy or consulate. This will help in locating you, should someone in the United States wish to confirm your safety and welfare or need to contact you urgently. Practical Safety Tips Respect the Local Laws and Customs. While abroad, you are subject to the laws and regulations of your host country and are not protected by the U.S. Constitution. If you should be detained by local authorities, ask them to notify a U.S. consular officer. Under international agreements and practice, you have a right to contact an American consul. Although U.S.consuls cannot act as your attorney or get you out of jail, they can provide you with a list of local attorneys and inform you of your rights under local laws. They will also monitor the status of detained Americans and make sure they are treated fairly under local laws. Guard your Passport. Your passport is the most valuable document you carry abroad. It confirms that you are an American citizen. Do not carry your passport in the same place as your money, use it as collateral for a loan, or pack it in your luggage. Remember to keep your passport number in a separate location in case it is lost or stolen. In some countries, you may be required to leave your passport overnight or for several days with the hotel management. This may be local practice--do not be concerned unless the passport is not returned as promised. If your passport is lost or stolen abroad, immediately report it to the local police, obtain a copy of the report, and contact the nearest U.S. embassy or consulate to apply for a new passport. Be Alert. Move purposefully and confidently. If you should find yourself in a crowded area, such as in an elevator, subway, marketplace, or at a parade, exercise special caution to avoid theft. Robbery. Help prevent theft by carrying your belongings securely. Carry purses tucked under an arm and not dangling by a strap. Carry valuables in an inside front pocket or in a money belt, not in a hip pocket. You may wish to wrap your wallet with rubber bands to make it more difficult for someone to slip it from your pocket unnoticed. Money belts or pouches that fit around your shoulder or waist are available through travel magazines and at some luggage shops and department stores. Assistance From U.S. Embassies and Consulates Emergencies. If you encounter serious legal, medical, or financial difficulties or other problems abroad, contact the nearest U.S. embassy or consulate for assistance. Although, as mentioned above, consular officers cannot serve as attorneys, they can help you find legal assistance. Consular officers cannot cash checks, lend money, or act as travel agents. However, in an emergency, they can help you get in touch with your family back home to inform them on how to wire funds to you and to let them know of your situation. They can also provide you with the latest travel advisories to alert you to adverse conditions abroad. Nonemergencies. Consular officers can also provide nonemergency services such as information on absentee voting and acquisition or loss of U.S. citizenship. They can arrange for the transfer of Social Security and other benefits to Americans residing abroad, provide U.S. tax forms, notarize documents, and advise U.S. citizens on property claims. Safeguarding Your Health. If you are injured or become seriously ill abroad, a U.S. consular officer will assist you in finding a physician or other medical services, and, with your permission, will inform your family members or friends of your condition. If needed, consular officers can assist your family in transferring money to the foreign country to pay for your treatment. Death Abroad. Each year, about 6,000 Americans die abroad. Two thirds of them are Americans who live overseas, but approximately 2,000 Americans per year die while traveling abroad. Consular officers will contact the next of kin in the United States and will explain the local requirements. It is a worthwhile precaution to have insurance that covers the cost of local burial or shipment of remains home to the United States (see information on medical assistance programs on page 3). Otherwise, this cost must be borne by next of kin and can be extremely expensive. The U.S. Government cannot pay for shipment of remains to the United States. Shopping--Some Things to Avoid Beware of purchasing souvenirs made from endangered wildlife. Much wildlife and wildlife products are prohibited either by U.S. or foreign laws from import into the United States. You risk confiscation and a possible fine if you attempt to import such things. Watch out for and avoid purchasing the following prohibited items: -- All products made from sea turtles. -- All ivory, both Asian and African. -- Furs from spotted cats. -- Furs from marine mammals. -- Feathers and feather products from wild birds. -- All live or stuffed birds from Australia, Brazil, Columbia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, Guatemala, Mexico, Paraguay, Venezuela, and some Caribbean countries. -- Most crocodile and caiman leather. -- Most coral, whether in chunks or in jewelry. When You Return Be Prepared. On arrival in the United States, have your passport ready when you go through immigration and customs controls. Keep receipts for any items you purchased abroad. U.S. citizens may bring back and orally declare $400 worth of merchandise duty free. The next $1000 is taxed at a flat rate of 10%. Check with U.S. Customs for further information. Currency. There is no limit on the amount of money or negotiable instruments which can be brought into or taken out of the United States. However, any amount over $10,000 must be reported to U.S. Customs on Customs Form 4790 when you depart from or enter into the United States. Don't bring home any fresh fruits or vegetables. Such items will be confiscated. Useful Travel Publications For the official word on immunizations, customs, and what you can legally bring into the United States, you may order one of the following U.S. Government publications: Health Information for International Travel is a comprehensive listing of immunization requirements of foreign governments. In addition, it gives the U.S. Public Health Service's recommendations on immunizations and other health precautions for the international traveler. Copies are available for $4.75 from the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402; tel. (202) 783-3238. Know Before You Go, Customs Hints for Returning U.S. Residents gives detailed information on U.S. Customs regulations, including duty rates. Single copies are available free from any local Customs office or by writing to the Department of the Treasury, U.S. Customs Service, P.O. Box 7407, Washington, D.C. 20044. Travelers Tips on Bringing Food, Plant, and Animal Products Into the United States lists the regulations on bringing these items into the United States from most parts of the world. Fresh fruits and vegetables, meat, potted plants, pet birds, and other items are prohibited or restricted. Obtain the publication free from the Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, 732 Federal Bldg., 6505 Belcrest Road, Hyattsville, Maryland 20782. The following publication is prepared by the World Wildlife Fund: Buyer Beware! tells about restrictions on importing wildlife and wildlife products. For a free copy, write to the Publications Unit, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Department of the Interior, Washington, D.C. 20240; (202) 343-5634. The following three publications from the Department of State may be ordered for $1 each from the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402; tel. (202) 783-3238: Your Trip Abroad provides basic travel information -- tips on passports, visas, immunizations, and more. It will help you prepare for your trip and make it as and trouble-free as possible. A Safe Trip Abroad gives travel security advice for any traveler, but particularly for those who plan trips to areas of high crime or terrorism. Tips for Americans Residing Abroad is prepared for the more than 2 million Americans who live in foreign countries. The following three publications are also from the Department of State (see ordering information below): Foreign Entry Requirements lists visa and other entry requirements of foreign countries and tells you how to apply for visas and tourist cards. Order this publication for 50 from the Consumer Information Center, Dept. 438T, Pueblo, CO 81009. Key Officers of Foreign Service Posts gives addresses and telephone, telex, and FAX numbers for all U.S. embassies and consulates abroad. (NOTE: When writing to a U.S. embassy or consulate, address the envelope to the appropriate section, such as Consular Section, rather than to a specific individual.) This publication is updated 3 times a year and may be purchased from the Superintendent of Documents, U.S Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402; tel. (202) 783-3238. Background Notes are brief, factual pamphlets on each of 170 countries. They give current information on each country's people, culture, geography, history, government, economy, and political condition. They also include a factual profile, brief travel notes, a country map, and a suggested reading list. For information on their price and to order copies contact: Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402; tel. (202) 783-3238. Passport Agencies APPLY EARLY FOR YOUR PASSPORT! Boston Passport Agency Thomas P. O'Neill Federal Building, Room 247 10 Causeway Street Boston, Massachusetts 02222 *Recording: 617-565-6998 Public Inquiries: 617-565-6990 Chicago Passport Agency Kluczynski Federal Building, Suite 380 230 South Dearborn Street Chicago, Illinois 60604-1564 *Recording: 312-353-5426 Public Inquiries: 312-353-7155 or 7163 Honolulu Passport Agency New Federal Building, Room C-106 300 Ala Moana Boulevard P.O. Box 50185 Honolulu, Hawaii 96850 *Recording: 808-541-1919 Public Inquiries: 808-541-1918 Houston Passport Agency Concord Towers 1919 Smith Street, Suite 1100 Houston, Texas 77002 *Recording: 713-653-3159 Public Inquiries: 713-653-3153 Los Angeles Passport Agency 11000 Wilshire Boulevard, Room 13100 Los Angeles, California 90024-3615 *Recording: 213-209-7070 Public Inquiries: 213-209-7075 Miami Passport Agency Federal Office Building, 16th Floor 51 Southwest First Avenue Miami, Florida 33130-1680 *Recording: 305-536-5395 (English) 305-536-4448 (Spanish) Public Inquiries: 305-536-4681 New Orleans Passport Agency Postal Services Building, Room T-12005 701 Loyola Avenue New Orleans, Louisiana 70113-1931 *Recording: 504-589-6728 Public Inquiries: 504-589-6161 New York Passport Agency Rockefeller Center, Room 270 630 Fifth Avenue New York, New York 10111-0031 *Recording: 212-541-7700 Public Inquiries: 212-541-7710 Philadelphia Passport Agency Federal Office Building, Room 4426 600 Arch Street Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19106-1684 *Recording: 215-597-7482 Public Inquiries: 215-597-7480 San Francisco Passport Agency 525 Market Street, Suite 200 San Francisco, California 94105-2773 *Recording: 415-974-7972 Public Inquiries: 415-974-9941 Seattle Passport Agency Federal Office Building, Room 992 915 Second Avenue Seattle, Washington 98174-1091 *Recording: 206-442-7941 Public Inquiries: 206-442-7945 Stamford Passport Agency One Landmark Square Broad and Atlantic Streets Stamford, Connecticut 06901-2767 *Recording: 203-325-4401 Public Inquiries: 203-325-3538 or 3530 Washington Passport Agency 1425 K Street, N.W. Washington, D.C. 20524-0002 *Recording: 202-647-0518 Public Inquiries (M-F 8-4:45): 202-647-0518 *Twenty-four hour recording includes general passport information, passport agency location, and hours of operation. Where Do You Plan to Go Next? The following area or country pamphlets may be ordered for $1 each from the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC 20402; tel. (202) 783-3238: * Tips for Travelers to Sub-Saharan Africa * Tips for Travelers to the Caribbean * Tips for Travelers to Central and South America * Tips for Travelers to the People's Republic of China * Tips for Travelers to Cuba * Tips for Travelers to Eastern Europe and Yugoslavia * Tips for Travelers to Mexico * Tips for Travelers to the Middle East and North Africa * Tips for Travelers to South Asia * Tips for Travelers to the USSR Overseas Citizens Services title r-r-U.S. DEPARTMENT OF STATE 1995 APRIL: THE OFFICE OF OVERSEAS CITIZENS SERVICES BUREAU OF CONSULAR AFFAIRS The Office of Overseas Citizens Services When You Need Help Overseas Citizens Services Overseas Citizens Services (OCS) in the State Department's Bureau of Consular Affairs is responsible for the welfare and whereabouts of U.S. citizens traveling and residing abroad. OCS has three offices: American Citizens Services and Crisis Management, the Office of Children's Issues and the Office of Policy Review and Interagency Liaison. AMERICAN CITIZENS SERVICES AND CRISIS MANAGEMENT (ACS) American Citizens Services and Crisis Management corresponds organizationally to American Citizens Services offices set up at U.S. embassies and consulates throughout the world. ACS has six geographical divisions with case officers who assist in all matters involving protective services for Americans abroad, including arrests, death cases, financial or medical emergencies, and welfare and whereabouts inquiries. The office also issues Travel Warnings and Consular Information Sheets and provides guidance on nationality and citizenship determination, document issuance, judicial and notarial services, estates and property claims, third-country representation, and disaster assistance. Arrests Over 2,500 Americans are arrested abroad annually. More than 30% of these arrests are drug related. Over 70% of drug related arrests involve marijuana or cocaine. The rights an American enjoys in this country do not travel abroad. Each country is sovereign and its laws apply to everyone who enters regardless of nationality. The U.S. government cannot get Americans released from foreign jails. However, a U.S. consul will insist on prompt access to an arrested American, provide a list of attorneys, and provide information on the host country's legal system, offer to contact the arrested American's family or friends, visit on a regular basis, protest mistreatment, monitor jail conditions, provide dietary supplements, if needed, and keep the State Department informed. ACS is the point of contact in the U.S. for family members and others who are concerned about a U.S. citizen arrested abroad. Deaths Approximately 6,000 Americans die outside of the U.S. each year. The majority of these are long-term residents of a foreign country. ACS assists with the return of remains for approximately 2,000 Americans annually. When an American dies abroad, a consular officer notifies the next of kin about options and costs for disposition of remains. Costs for preparing and returning a body to the U.S. are high and are the responsibility of the family. Often local laws and procedures make returning a body to the U.S. for burial a lengthy process. Financial Assistance If destitute, Americans can turn to a U.S. consular officer abroad for help. ACS will help by contacting the destitute person's family, friends, or business associates to raise private funds. It will help transmit these funds to destitute Americans. ACS transfers approximately 3 million dollars a year in private emergency funds. It can approve small government loans to destitute Americans abroad until private funds arrive. ACS also approves repatriation loans to pay for destitute Americans' direct return to the U.S. Each year over $500,000 are loaned to destitute Americans. o Medical Assistance ACS works with U.S. consuls abroad to assist Americans who become physically or mentally ill while traveling. ACS locates family members, guardians, and friends in the U.S., assists in transmitting private funds, and, when necessary, assists in arranging the return of ill or injured Americans to the U.S. by commercial carrier. Welfare and Whereabouts of U.S. Citizens ACS receives approximately 12,000 inquiries a year concerning the welfare or whereabouts of an American abroad. Many inquiries are from worried relatives who have not heard from the traveler. Others are attempts to notify the traveler about a family crisis at home. Most welfare/whereabouts inquiries are successfully resolved. However, occasionally, a person is truly missing. It is the responsibility of local authorities to investigate and U.S. consuls abroad will work to ensure their continued interest in cases involving Americans. Unfortunately, as in the U.S., sometimes missing persons are never found. Consular Information Program ACS issues fact sheets on every country in the world called Consular Information Sheets (CIS). The CIS contains information on entry requirements, crime and security conditions, areas of instability and other details relevant to travel in a particular country. The Office also issues Travel Warnings. Travel Warnings are issued when the State Department recommends deferral of travel by Americans to a country because of civil unrest, dangerous conditions, terrorist activity and/or because the U.S. has no diplomatic relations with the country and cannot assist an American in distress. Consular Information Sheets and Travel Warnings may be heard anytime, by dialing the Office of Overseas Citizens Services travelers' hotline at (202) 647-5225 from a touchtone phone. They are also available via Consular Affairs' automated fax system at (202) 647-3000, or at any of the 13 regional passport agencies, at U.S. embassies and consulates abroad, and through the airline computer reservation systems, or, by sending a self-addressed, stamped business size envelope to the Office of Overseas Citizens Services, Bureau of Consular Affairs, Room 4811, U.S. Department of State, Washington, D.C. 20520-4818. If you have a personal computer, modem and communications software, you can access them, and other consular handouts and publications through the Consular Affairs Bulletin Board (CABB). This service is free of charge. To access CABB, dial the modem number: (202) 647-9225; set modem speed (it will accommodate 300, 1200, 2400, 9600 or 14400 bps); and terminal communications program to N-8-1 (parity, 8 bits, 1 stop bit). Disaster Assistance ACS coordinates the Bureau's activities and efforts relating to international crises or emergency situations involving the welfare and safety of large numbers of Americans residing or traveling in a crisis area. Such crises can include plane crashes, hijackings, natural disasters, civil disorders, and political unrest. CHILDREN'S ISSUES (CI) The Office of Children's Issues (CI) formulates, develops and coordinates policies and programs, and provides direction to foreign service posts on international parental child abduction and international adoptions. It also fulfills U.S. treaty obligations relating to the abduction of children. International Adoptions CI coordinates policy and provides information on international adoption to the potential parents. In 1994, over 8,000 foreign born children where adopted by U.S. citizens. The Department of State cannot intervene on behalf of an individual in foreign courts because adoption is a private legal matter within the judicial sovereignty of the country where the child resides. This office can, however, offer general information and assistance regarding the adoption process in over 60 countries. International Parental Child Abductions In recent years, the Bureau of Consular Affairs has taken action in thousands of cases of international parental child abduction. The Bureau also provides information in response to thousands of additional inquiries pertaining to international child abduction, enforcement of visitation rights and abduction prevention techniques. CI works closely with parents, attorneys, other government agencies, and private organizations in the U.S. to prevent international abductions. The Hague Convention provides for the return of a child to his or her habitual place of residence if the child has been wrongfully removed or retained. CI has been designated by Congress as the Central Authority to administer the Hague Convention in the United States. POLICY REVIEW AND INTERAGENCY LIAISON (PRI) The Office of Policy Review and Interagency Liaison (PRI) provides guidance concerning the administration and enforcement of laws on U.S. citizenship, and on the documentation of Americans traveling and residing abroad. The Office also provides advice on matters involving treaties and agreements, legislative matters, including implementation of new laws, conducts reconsiderations of acquisition and loss of U.S. citizenship in complex cases abroad, and administers the overseas federal benefits program. Consular Conventions and Treaties PRI works closely with other offices in the State Department in the negotiation of consular conventions and treaties, including prisoner transfer treaties. As a result of these prisoner transfer treaties, many U.S. citizens convicted of crimes and incarcerated abroad have returned to the U.S. to complete their sentences. Federal Benefits Over a half-million people receive monthly federal benefits payments outside the U.S. In many countries, the monthly benefits checks are mailed or pouched to the consular post and then distributed through the local postal service. In other countries, the checks are mailed directly into the beneficiaries' foreign bank accounts. Consular officers assist in the processing of individual benefits claims and problems; investigate claims on behalf of the agency concerned; and perform other tasks requested by the agencies or needed by the beneficiaries or survivors. Legislation PRI is involved with legislation affecting U.S. citizens abroad. The Office participates in hearings and provides testimony to Congress on proposed legislation, particularly legislation relating to the citizenship and welfare of U.S. citizens. They also interpret laws and regulations pertaining to citizens consular services, including the administration of the Immigration and Nationality Act. Privacy Act PRI responds to inquires under the Privacy Act. The provisions of the Privacy Act are designed to protect the privacy and rights of Americans but occasionally complicate efforts to assist U.S. citizens abroad. As a general rule, consular officers may not reveal information regarding an individual American's location, welfare, intentions, or problems to anyone, including family members and Congressional representatives, without the expressed consent of that individual. In all potential cases, consular officers explain Privacy Act restrictions and requirements so that all individuals involved in a case understand the Privacy Act's constraints. (###) Hours of Operation: Monday-Friday 8:15 a.m.-10:00 p.m., and Saturday 9:00 a.m.-3:00 p.m.: Telephone: (202) 647-5225* For after-hours emergencies, Sundays and Holidays, Telephone: (202) 647-4000 and request the OCS duty officer. *Overseas Citizens Services has a 24-hours a day hotline at (202) 647- 5225 for American Citizens Services (including travel and citizenship information). Policy Review and Interagency Liaison can also be reached at this number. The Office of Children's Issues can be reached by calling (202) 736- 7000. (###) Bureau of Consular Affairs Office of Public Affairs US Deartment of State Department of State Publication 10252 (###) Passport title P/P/U.S. DEPARTMENT OF STATE 1995 MARCH: APPLYING FOR YOUR U.S. PASSPORT BUREAU OF CONSULAR AFFAIRS Applying for Your U.S. Passport The Department of State's Bureau of Consular Affairs has prepared this publication to assist you in applying for your U.S. passport. This guide will give you information on where to apply, how to apply, and the best time to apply. Other Than Passport Agencies, Where Can I Apply for a Passport? You can apply for a passport at many Federal and state courts, probate courts, and some post offices. Over 2500 courts and 900 post offices in the United States accept passport applications. Courts and post offices are usually more convenient because they are near your home or your place of business. You save time and money by not having to travel to one of the 13 major U.S. cities where passport agencies are located. When Do I Have to Apply in Person? You must always apply in person if you are 13 or older, and if you do not meet the requirements for applying by mail (see "May I Apply for a Passport by Mail? "). Usually, for children under 13, only a parent or legal guardian need appear to execute a passport application. What Do I Need to Do to Apply for a Passport at a Courthouse or Post Office? Go to a courthouse or post office authorized to accept passport applications and complete the DSP-11 application form, but do not sign it until instructed to do so. You must present: 1. PROOF OF U.S. CITIZENSHIP That is... -- a previous U.S. passport, or -- if you were born in the U.S., a certified copy of your birth certificate issued by the state, city, or county of your birth (a certified copy will have a registrar's raised, embossed, impressed, or multicolored seal and the date the certificate was filed with the registrar's office). If you have neither a passport nor a certified birth certificate... - bring a notice from the registrar of the state where you were born that no birth record exists; - also, bring as many as possible of the following: a baptismal certificate, hospital birth record, early census, school record, or family Bible record. (To be considered, these documents must show your full name and date and place of birth.); - also, bring a notarized affidavit completed by an older blood relative who has personal knowledge of your birth. -- If you were born abroad, bring a Certificate of Naturalization, Certificate of Citizenship, Report of Birth Abroad of a U.S. Citizen, or a Certification of Birth (Form FS-545 or DS-1350). If you do not have these documents, check with the acceptance office agent for documents that can be used in their place. 2. TWO PHOTOGRAPHS -- The photos must be recent (taken within the past six months), identical, 2x2 inches, and either color or black/white; -- they must show a front view, full face, on a plain, light (white or off-white) background. (Vending machine photographs are not acceptable.) 3. PROOF OF IDENTITY That is... -- a previous U.S. passport, a Certificate of Naturalization or Citizenship, a valid driver's license, government or military ID, or corporate ID. 4. FEES -- $65 for a ten-year passport; -- $40 for a five-year passport for persons under 18 (these amounts include a $10 execution fee.) Make your check or money order payable to Passport Services. Post offices (and passport agencies) accept cash, but courts are not required to do so. If you must have your passport within 10 days, you will need to pay an additional $30 expidite fee and provide proof of the need for this service (see "What If I Need a Pasport in a Hurry?"). 5. SOCIAL SECURITY NUMBER Although a Social Security number is not required for issuance of a passport, Section 603E of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 requires passport applicants to provide this information. Passport Services will provide this information to the Internal Revenue Service (IRS) routinely. Any applicant who fails to provide the information is subject to a $500 penalty enforced by the IRS. All questions on this matter should be referred to the nearest IRS office. May I Apply for a Passport by Mail? Yes, if you already have a passport and that passport is your most recent one, and it was issued within the past 12 years, and if you were over 18 years old at the time it was issued. Ask the court, post office, or your travel agent for a DSP-82 "Application For Passport By Mail." Fill it out, sign it, and date it. Attach to it: -- your most recent passport; -- two identical passport photographs (see previous section on passpor photographs); -- and a $55 fee (and if applicable, a $30 expedite fee for emergency service); make your check or money order payable to Passport Services. (The $10 execution fee is waived for those eligible to apply by mail.) If your name has been changed, enclose a certified copy of the Court Order, Adoption Decree or Marriage Certificate, or Divorce Decree specifying another name for you to use. (Photocopies will not be accepted.) If your name has changed by any other means, you must apply in person. Mail the completed DSP-82 application and attachments to: National Passport Center P.O. Box 371971 Pittsburgh, PA 15250-7971. Your previous passport will be returned to you with your new passport. If you need faster service, you can use an overnight delivery service. If the service of your choice will not deliver to a post office box, send it to: Mellon Bank Attn: Passport Supervisor 371971 3 Mellon Bank Center, Rm. 153-2723 Pittsburgh, PA 15259-0001. Include the appropriate fee for overnight return of your passport. Note: If the passport has been mutilated, altered or damaged in any manner, you cannot apply by mail. You must apply in person and use Form DSP-11, present evidence of U.S. citizenship, and acceptable identification. When Should I Apply for a Passport? Apply for your passport several months in advance of your planned departure. If you will need visas from foreign embassies, allow additional time. What Happens to My Passport Application After I Submit It? If you apply at a passport acceptance facility, the day you apply your application will be forwarded to the passport agency that serves the acceptance office, or, in the case of mail-in applications, they are forwarded to the National Passport Center. Applications are processed according to the departure date indicated on the application form. If you give no departure date, the passport agency will assume you are not planning any immediate travel. Your passport will be returned to you by mail at the address you provided on your application. What Should I Do if My Passport Is Lost or Stolen? If your passport is lost or stolen in the U.S., report the loss or theft in writing to U.S. Department of State, Passport Services, 1111 19th Street, N.W., Suite 300, Washington, D.C. 20522-1705, or to the nearest passport agency. If you are abroad, report the loss immediately to local police authorities and contact the nearest U.S. embassy or consulate. What Else Should I Know About Passports? All persons, including newborn infants, are required to obtain passports in their own name. If you need to get a valid passport amended because of a name change, use Form DSP-19. (See "May I Apply for a Passport by Mail?" for the documentation required.) Before traveling abroad, make a copy of the identification page to make it easier to get a new one should it be necessary. It also a good idea to carry two extra passport photos with you. If you require additional visa pages before your passport expires, submit your passport with a signed request for extra pages to one of the passport agencies listed on the last page. (Please allow time for the processing of the request.) If you travel abroad frequently, you may request a 48-page passport at the time of application. Some countries require that your passport be valid at least 6 months beyond the dates of your trip. If your passport is expiring in less than the required validity, you will need to get a new one. Check with the nearest embassy or consulate of the countries you plan to visit to find out their entry requirements. In addition to foreign entry requirements, U.S. law must also be considered. With certain exceptions, it is against U.S. law to enter or leave the country without a valid passport. Generally for tourists, the exceptions refer to direct travel within U.S. territories or between North, South, or Central America (except Cuba). Note: If you mutilate or alter your U.S. passport, you may render it invalid and expose yourself to possible prosecution under the law (Section 1543 of Title 22 of the U.S. Code). What If I Need a Passport in a Hurry? If you are leaving on an emergency trip within five working days, apply in person at the nearest passport agency and present your tickets or travel itinerary from an airline, as well as the other required items. Or, apply at a court or post office and have the application sent to the passport agency through an overnight delivery service of your choice (you should include a self-addressed, pre-paid envelope for the return of the passport). Be sure to include your dates of departure, travel plans on your application and all fees (including the $30 expedite fee). PASSPORT AGENCIES Apply Early For Your Passport! Boston Passport Agency Thomas P. O'Neill Fed. Bldg., Rm. 247, 10 Causeway Street Boston, MA 02222-1094 Information: 617-565-6998* 617-565-6990 Chicago Passport Agency Suite 380, Kluczynski Federal Office Bldg. 230 South Dearborn Street Chicago, IL 60604-1564 Information: 312-353-7155* Honolulu Passport Agency First Hawaii Tower 1132 Bishop St., Suite 500 Honolulu, HI 96813-2809 Information: 808-522-8283 or 8286* Houston Passport Agency Suite 1100, Mickey Leland Fed. Bldg. 1919 Smith Street Houston, TX 77002-8049 Information: 713-653-3153* Los Angeles Passport Agency Room 13100, 11000 Wilshire Blvd. Los Angeles, CA 90024-3615 Information: 310-235-7070* Miami Passport Agency 3rd Floor, Claude Pepper Federal Office Bldg. 51 Southwest First Avenue Miami, FL 33130-1680 Information: 305-536-4681* New Orleans Passport Agency Postal Service Building 701 Loyola Ave., Rm T-12005 New Orleans, LA 70113-1931 Information: 504-589-6728* 504-589-6161 ext. 620 New York Passport Agency Room 270, Rockefeller Center 630 Fifth Avenue New York, NY 10111-0031 Information: 212-399-5290* Philadelphia Passport Agency U.S. Customs House 200 Chestnut St., Rm. 103 Philadelphia, PA 19106-2970 Information: 215-597-7480* San Francisco Passport Agency Suite. 200, Tishman Speyer Bldg. 525 Market Street San Francisco, CA 94105-2773 Information: 415-744-4444 or 4010* Seattle Passport Agency Room 992, Federal Office Bldg. 915 Second Avenue Seattle, WA 98174-1091 Information: 206-220-7788* Stamford Passport Agency One Landmark Square Broad and Atlantic Streets Stamford, CT 06901-2667 Information: 203-325-3530* Washington Passport Agency 1111 19th Street, N.W. Washington, DC 20522-1705 Information: 202-647-0518* _______________________ *This is a 24-hour information line that includes general passport information, passport agency location, and hours of operation and information regarding emergency passport services during non-working hours. [BOX] If you are applying by mail, see the section "May I Apply for My Passport by Mail?" for proper mailing addresses. If you have any questions about an application that was mailed, write or call: National Passport Center 31 Rochester Ave. Portsmouth, NH 03801-2900 (603) 334-0500 (###) DEPARTMENT OF STATE PUBLICATION 10255 Bureau of Consular Affairs Revised March 1995 (###) Residing abroad title ZcZcTIPS FOR AMERICANS RESIDING ABROAD (Consular Affairs Topics) FOREWORD The Department of State's Bureau of Consular Affairs has prepared this publication for Americans considering residence abroad as well as for those U.S. citizens who are currently residing in a foreign country. Our primary goal is to provide assistance to and protect the welfare of American citizens who live abroad. Before taking up a foreign residence, there are many details that you will need to consider. This brochure will acquaint you with the wide range of services provided to American citizens by U.S. embassies and consulates worldwide. We are committed to providing prompt, courteous, and effective assistance. There are approximately two million private U.S. citizens living overseas worldwide. We strongly recommend this publication to all Americans living or planning to reside abroad. Any additional guidance not specifically addressed in this publication may be obtained from the Bureau of Consular Affairs in the Department of State or from the nearest U.S. embassy or consulate if you are living overseas. BEFORE YOU GO LEARN ABOUT THE HOST COUNTRY Read as much as possible about the country where you plan to reside. Learning about a nation's culture, customs, people, and history will make your stay more meaningful. Libraries, bookstores and tourist bureaus are good resources for this information. Keep abreast as well of the international news for the latest political developments in the country where you will live. Although English is spoken in many countries, learning the language of the nation in which you plan to reside will make the transition to your new environment easier. One of the best ways to learn about living in a foreign country is to get advice from U.S. citizens already residing there. Countries with large numbers of U.S. expatriates often have a U.S. Chamber of Commerce, a bicultural organization, or an American women's club that could give you information on living in that country. In countries with fewer U.S. residents, you may be able to meet fellow expatriates through a local international club. The consular section of the U.S. embassy or consulate may be able to assist you in finding these organizations. Background Notes The Department of State publishes Background Notes on countries around the world. These are brief, factual pamphlets with information on each country's people, culture, geography, history, government, economy, and political conditions. They are available for about 170 countries worldwide and often include a reading list, travel notes, and maps. Single copies are $1. A 1-year subscription for all updated issues is $16. To obtain copies write to the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402 or call (202) 783-3238. Travel Advisories The Department of State issues travel advisories to alert U.S. citizens traveling or residing overseas to potential problems that could adversely affect them. The advisories are available through U.S. passport agencies, travel agents' computer reservation systems, major airlines, and American embassies and consulates abroad. If you are contemplating establishing residence in a country where there may be concern about existing conditions, contact the nearest U.S. passport agency or the Department of State's Citizens Emergency Center, Room 4800, Washington, D.C. 20520 at (202)647-5225 to learn if there is a travel advisory in effect. You can call this number 24 hours a day to hear recorded travel advisories. Tips for Travelers The Department of State publishes a series of pamphlets on travel to specific regions of the world. The brochures cover topics such as entry requirements, currency and customs regulations, import and export controls, dual nationality, and photography restrictions. The following publications are available for $1 each from the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402. Tips for Travelers to Sub-Saharan Africa Tips for Travelers to the Caribbean Tips for Travelers to Central and South America Tips for Travelers to the People's Republic of China Tips for Travelers to Cuba Tips for Travelers to Eastern Europe and Yugoslavia Tips for Travelers to Mexico Tips for Travelers to the Middle East and North Africa Tips for Travelers to South Asia Tips for Travelers to the USSR REQUIRED DOCUMENTS Passports U.S. citizens should have a valid passport before taking up residence abroad. Once living overseas, Americans should continue to maintain a valid passport. Applying in Person for a Passport In the United States, application for a U.S. passport may be presented in person at a passport agency or at one of the several thousand Federal or state courts or post offices which accept passport applications. If you are overseas, you may apply at the nearest U.S. embassy or consulate. U.S. citizens who must appear in person need to bring a certified copy of their birth certificate, a Certificate of Naturalization, or a previous U.S. passport. This should be accompanied by a completed DSP-11, Passport Application, two recent 2x2 inch identical photographs, proof of identity (a valid driver's license or other valid photo i.d. will suffice), and the $42 application fee. For more information on obtaining a U.S. passport, you may wish to obtain a copy of the publication Your Trip Abroad. This brochure provides basic information on preparation and travel overseas, and is available for $1 from the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402. Passports-by-Mail You can apply for a passport by mail (without a personal appearance) if you meet the following requirements: l You have had a passport issued within 12 years prior to the date of a new application; l You are able to submit your most recent U.S. passport with your new application; and l Your previous passport was issued on or after your 16th birthday. For further information and to obtain Form DSP-82, Application for Passport by Mail, contact the nearest U.S. passport agency or, if you are overseas, consult the nearest U.S. embassy or consulate. Not all embassies and consulates abroad are authorized to accept passport applications by mail or via a third party courier. Contact the U.S. embassy or consulate in your consular district to find out if it accepts passport applications by mail or via a third party courier. Your previous passport, two identical photographs (2"x2"), and the $35 passport fee must accompany your application. Since it may take several days to prepare and mail your new passport to you, do not wait until it expires to apply for it. Visas All governments require foreigners to have an appropriate visa in order to reside in their country. This endorsement or stamp placed in your passport by a foreign government permits you to enter that country for a specified purpose. If you are planning to reside in a country for an indefinite period of time, most countries will require you to seek residence status. See the section on Citizenship to learn what effect this may have on your U.S. citizenship. Applying for a Visa In most instances you must obtain the necessary visa before you leave the United States. Apply for your visa directly from the embassy or nearest consulate of the country in which you plan to reside. The publication Foreign Consular Offices in the United States lists all foreign diplomatic offices in the United States and is for sale from the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402 for $6.50. The Department of State cannot help you obtain visas or work permits. HEALTH MATTERS Health Insurance The Social Security Medicare Program does not cover hospital or medical services outside the United States. The Department of Veterans Affairs will only pay for hospital and medical service outside the United States if you are a veteran with a service-related disability. When considering medical insurance, first find out how citizens of the country where you will reside pay their medical bills and if the same coverage is available to resident foreigners. Some countries have government-sponsored health insurance that may also provide coverage to foreign residents, while others have a dual system with national health supplemented by private insurance. In countries where many American expatriates reside, such as Mexico, you may find that local private international health insurance companies will offer coverage to U.S. citizen residents. Once you arrive, check with organized groups in the American community to learn about these companies. Wherever possible, try to get the best medical insurance available. If good coverage is not available where you will live, you may have to rely on a U.S. medical insurance company. Before taking up residence abroad, learn which U.S. medical services or health insurance plans provide coverage for Americans living overseas. Check with the insurance company on whether the coverage offered abroad includes both routine and emergency medical treatment, hospitaliza-tion, and medical evacuation should it be necessary. Once you obtain health insurance, remember to carry your policy's identity card and to keep a supply of insurance claim forms handy. The U.S. Government cannot pay for hospital or medical services for Americans overseas and cannot pay to evacuate you for treatment in the United States. There are a number of emergency medical assistance companies operating internationally who offer urgent medical treatment for their member travelers. Although the service is designed primarily for tourists who encounter a medical or personal emergency while on vacation, some companies offer yearly memberships which may be available to Americans residing overseas. To learn about these emergency assistance companies contact a travel agent. Medication For your protection, leave all medicines in their original, labeled containers. If you require medication containing habit-forming drugs or narcotics, carry a copy of the doctor's prescription attesting to that fact. These precautions will make customs processing easier and also will ensure you do not violate the laws of the country in which you live. If you have allergies, reactions to certain medicines, or other unique medical problems, consider wearing a medical alert bracelet or carrying a similar warning at all times. Immunizations Under the International Health Regulations adopted by the World Health Organization, some countries require International Certificates of Vaccination against yellow fever from international travelers. A few countries still require a certificate of cholera immunization as well. A helpful guide to immunizations and preventive measures for international travel is the booklet, Health Information for International Travel. It is available for $5.00 from the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402. Specific information may also be obtained from local and state health departments, physicians, or travel clinics that advise international travelers. You may also call the U.S. Public Health Service's Quarantine division on (404) 639-2572 for immunization recommendations. AIDS Testing Many countries require long-term foreign residents and students to submit proof that they are free of the HIV virus. Some of the countries that require this proof may accept certified test results from the United States. Consult the embassy of the country you will be residing in on whether an AIDS test is required and if test results from the United States are accepted. If not, check on the type of test to be performed and if it is permissible to supply your own disposable needle. If you are overseas, consult the nearest U.S. embassy or consulate for information and advice, keeping in mind that you are in a foreign country and are subject to its laws and requirements. PRACTICAL MATTERS Federal Benefits If you are receiving monthly benefits from a Federal or state agency (Social Security, Department of Veterans Affairs, Office of Personnel Management, etc.), contact the appropriate agency prior to your departure from the United States to advise them of your residence abroad and to inquire about the procedures for having your benefits checks sent overseas. Customs Hints The pamphlet Know Before You Go contains information about U.S. Customs regulations and procedures. Single copies are available from any U.S. Customs office abroad or by writing to U.S. Customs, P.O. Box 7407, Washington, D.C. 20044. Taking A Pet Overseas If you decide to bring your pet with you overseas, check specific requirements with the country's embassy. Many countries have strict health, quarantine, agriculture, wildlife, and customs requirements and prohibitions. LIVING OVERSEAS HELP FROM THE U.S. GOVERNMENT Assistance From American Consuls U.S. consular officers are located in over 250 foreign service posts abroad. They are available to advise and help you, especially if you are in any kind of serious trouble. In addition, consular agents in approximately 35 foreign cities without U.S. consulates provide a limited range of emergency and other consular services. Consular officers are responsive to the needs of Americans traveling or residing abroad. However, the majority of their time is devoted to assisting Americans who are in serious legal, medical, or financial difficulties. They can provide the names of local doctors, dentists, medical specialists, and attorneys, and give you information about travel advisories. Consular officers also perform non-emergency services, including information on absentee voting, selective service registration, and acquisition and loss of U.S. citizenship. They can arrange for the transfer of Social Security and other U.S. Government benefits to beneficiaries residing abroad, provide U.S. tax forms, and notarize documents. They may also provide information on how to obtain foreign public documents. Because of the limited number of consular officers and the growing number of U.S. tourists and residents abroad, consuls cannot provide tourism or commercial services. For example, consuls cannot perform the work of travel agencies, lawyers, information bureaus, banks, or the police. They cannot find you jobs, get residence or driving permits, act as interpreters, search for missing luggage, or settle commercial disputes. Registration at U.S. Embassies or Consulates As soon as you arrive abroad, you should register in person or by telephone with the nearest U.S. embassy or consulate. Registration will make your presence and whereabouts known in case it is necessary to contact you in an emergency. In accordance with the Privacy Act, information on your welfare or whereabouts may not be released to inquirers without your express authorization. If you register in person, you should bring your U.S. passport with you. Your passport data will be recorded at the embassy or consulate, thereby making it easier for you to apply for a replacement passport should it be lost or stolen. Missing Persons When a U.S. citizen abroad loses contact with friends or relatives in the United States, the U.S. consul is often requested to give information about that individual's welfare and whereabouts. Similar requests often come from American private and official welfare organizations attempting, for example, to track down an errant parent who failed to make child support payments. The U.S. consul tries to comply with such requests after determining carefully the reasons for the inquiry. If the consul has the address of the U.S. citizen about whom the inquiry is being made, the consul will inform the American of the inquirer's interest in getting in touch with them and pass on any urgent messages. Consistent with the Privacy Act, the consul then reports back to the inquirer the results of their search efforts. Except in emergency situations, the consul will not release any details about a U.S. citizen's welfare and whereabouts without the citizen's expressed consent. Arrests Legal Aid for Americans Arrested Abroad When living abroad, you are subject to local i.e. foreign laws. If you experience difficulties with the local authorities, remember American officials are limited by foreign laws, U.S. regulations, and geography as to what they can do to assist you. The U.S. Government cannot fund your legal fees or other related expenses. Should you find yourself in a dispute that may lead to police or legal action, consult the nearest U.S. consular officer. Although consular officers cannot get you out of jail, serve as your attorneys or give legal advice, they can provide lists of local attorneys and help you find legal representation. However, neither the Department of State nor U.S. embassies or consulates can assume any responsibility for the caliber, competence, or professional integrity of these attorneys. If you are arrested, immediately ask to speak to the consular officer at the nearest U.S. embassy or consulate. Under international agreements and practice, you have a right to get in touch with the U.S. consul. If you are turned down, keep asking politely, but persistently. If unsuccessful, try to have someone get in touch for you. Consular officers will do whatever they can to protect your legitimate interests and ensure that you are not discriminated against under local law. Upon learning of your arrest, a U.S. consular officer will visit you, provide a list of local attorneys and, if requested, contact family and friends. In cases of arrest, consuls can help transfer money, food, and clothing from your family and friends to you. They also try to get relief if you are held under inhumane or unhealthful conditions or being treated less equitably than others in the same situation. Drug Arrests Despite repeated warnings, drug arrests and convictions of American citizens are still a problem. If you are caught with any type of narcotics overseas, you are subject to local not U.S. laws. Penalties for possession or trafficking are often the same. If you are arrested, you will find the following: l Few countries provide a jury trial. l Most countries do not accept bail. l Pre-trial detention, often in solitary confinement, may last many months. l Prisons may lack even minimal comforts bed, toilet, washbasin. l Diets are often inadequate and require supplements from relatives and friends. l Officials may not speak English. l Physical abuse, confiscation of personal property, degrading or inhumane treatment, and extortion are possible. If you are convicted, you may face one of the following sentences: l Two to ten years in most countries. l A minimum ofsix year's hard labor and a stiff fine. l The death sentence in some countries. Learn what the local laws are and obey them. Marriage Abroad Consular officers abroad cannot perform a marriage for you. Marriages abroad are generally performed by local civil or religious officials. Once your marriage is performed overseas, U.S. consular officers can authenticate your foreign marriage documents for a fee (currently $36). A marriage which is valid under the laws of the country where the marriage was performed is generally recognized by most states in the United States. If you are married abroad and need confirmation that your marriage will be recognized in the United States, consult the Attorney General of your state of residence in the United States. Marriages abroad are subject to the residency requirements of the country where the marriage is performed. There is almost always a lengthy waiting period. Some countries require that the civil documents which are presented to the marriage registrar abroad be translated and authenticated by a foreign consular official in the United States. This process can be time consuming and expensive. Unlike in the United States, civil law countries require proof of legal capacity to enter into a marriage contract. If it is necessary to obtain this proof overseas, you can execute an affidavit of eligibility to marry at a U.S. embassy or consulate for a small fee (currently $4). There are also individual requirements which vary from country to country, i.e. parental consent and blood tests. Before going abroad, check with the embassy or tourist information bureau of the country where you plan to marry to learn of any specific requirements. In addition, the Office of Citizens Consular Services, Room 4817, Department of State, Washington, D.C. 20520 has some general information on marriage in a number of countries overseas. If you are already abroad, consult with the nearest U.S. embassy or consulate. Divorce Abroad The validity of divorces obtained overseas will vary according to the requirements of an individual's state of residence. Consult the authorities of your state of residence in the United States for these requirements. Birth Abroad of a U.S. Citizen Most children born abroad to a U.S. citizen parent or parents acquire U.S. citizenship at birth. As soon as possible after the birth, the U.S. citizen parent should contact the nearest American embassy or consulate. When it is determined that the child has acquired U.S. citizenship, a consular officer prepares a Report of Birth Abroad of a Citizen of the United States of America. This document is recognized by U.S. law as proof of acquisition of U.S. citizenship and is acceptable evidence of citizenship for obtaining a passport, entering school, and most other purposes. Death of a U.S. Citizen Abroad When a U.S. citizen dies abroad, the nearest U.S. embassy or consulate should be notified as soon as possible. Upon notification, the consular officer, in accordance with local laws, may do the following: l Require proof of the decedent's citizenship (for example, U.S. passport, birth certificate, or naturalization certificate). l Report the death to the next of kin or legal representative. l Obtain instructions and funds from the family to make arrangements for local burial or return of the body to the United States. l Obtain the local death certificate and prepare a Report of Death of an American Citizen Abroad (Form OF-180) to forward to the next of kin or legal representative. (This document may be used in U.S. courts to settle estate matters.) l Serve as provisional conservator of a deceased American's estate and arrange for disposition of those effects. Because the costs for local burial or transporting a deceased body back to the United States can be quite expensive, you may wish to obtain insurance to cover this cost. Otherwise, your relative or next of kin must bear these expenses. The U.S. Government cannot pay to have your body buried overseas or returned to the United States. Federal Benefits Services Abroad Federal agency monthly benefits checks are generally sent from the Department of the Treasury to the U.S. embassies or consulates in the countries where the beneficiaries are residing. When you move overseas, report your change of residence to the nearest U.S. embassy or consulate. The usual procedure is for the embassy or consulate to then forward the check through the local mail system to you. It may be possible to make arrangements to have your check deposited directly into a bank account located in the United States or in the country where you reside. Check with the benefits paying agency or the nearest U.S. embassy or consulate for further information. If your check does not arrive or you have other questions about your benefits, contact the nearest U.S. embassy or consulate. If they cannot answer your inquiry, they will contact the appropriate paying agency, such as the Social Security Administration, and make inquiries on your behalf. If you move, notify the nearest U.S. embassy or consulate at least 60 days before the move. This will enable the Federal agency to update its records so your checks are sent to the correct address. Assistance In Voting in U.S. Elections Americans who reside abroad are usually eligible to vote by absentee ballot in all Federal elections and may also be eligible to vote in many state and local U.S. elections. Eligibility depends upon the laws and regulations of your state of residence in the United States. To vote absentee, you must meet state voter registration requirements and apply for the ballot as early as possible from the state of your last domicile. Should your state ballot not arrive in sufficient time, you may be eligible to use a Federal write-in ballot known as a F.W.A.B. You should consult the nearest U.S. embassy or consulate for additional information. Selective Service Registration Residing abroad (more) title VTIPS FOR AMERICANS RESIDING ABROAD (Consular Affairs Topics) Section I-202 of the Presidential Proclamation of July 2, 1980, reinstituting registration under the Military Selective Service Act, states: Citizens of the United States who are to be registered and who are not in the United States on any of the days set aside for their registration, shall present themselves at a U.S. embassy or consulate for registration before a diplomatic or consular officer of the United States or before a registrar duly appointed by a diplomatic or consular officer of the United States. FAMILY MATTERS Adopting A Child Overseas If you plan to adopt a child overseas, you should be aware that the U.S. Government considers foreign adoptions to be a private legal matter within the judicial sovereignty of the nation where the child is residing. U.S. authorities have no right to intervene on behalf of American citizens in the courts in the country where the adoption takes place. However, there are a number of ways that U.S. embassies and consulates can assist prospective parents. The U.S. embassy or consulate can provide you with information on the adoption process in the country where you reside. Consular officers can make inquiries on your behalf regarding the status of your case in the foreign court and will assist in clarifying documentary requirements if necessary. Embassies and consulates will also ensure that as an American you are not being discriminated against by foreign courts and will provide you with information on the visa application process for your adopted child. Because children in foreign adoptions are considered to be nationals of the country of origin, prospective parents must comply with local laws. One way to achieve this is by dealing only with a reputable international adoption agency experienced in handling adoptions in the country where you are living. In the case of a private adoption, you should hire a local attorney with expertise in adoptions. Because of the potential for fraud in international adoptions, you need to be aware of the pitfalls. The U.S. embassy or consulate can offer you advice on what problems you might encounter. Foreign children adopted overseas by U.S. citizens can gain U.S. citizenship if the adoptive parents apply for the child's naturalization after they return to the United States. In most cases, the adoptive parents would merely apply for a Certificate of Citizenship from the Immigration and Naturalization Service (INS) after the adoption. However, until they return to the United States, the adopted child remains a national of their country of origin. Before returning to the United States with your adopted child, you will need to petition the INS for your child's immigrant visa. For further information on adoption procedures, obtain INS Form M-249 entitled, The Immigration of Adopted and Prospective Adoptive Children. You can also contact the Department of State, Office of Citizens Consular Services, Washington, D.C. 20520 to learn more about U.S. citizenship requirements and adoption procedures. International Child Custody Disputes For parents involved in a child custody dispute, there are limits on the assistance that U.S. authorities can provide. In cases where an American child is abducted overseas by a parent, the U.S. Government's role is confined to helping the remaining parent locate the child, monitoring the child's welfare, and providing general information about child custody laws and procedures in the country where the abduction took place. Consular officers overseas can issue a U.S. passport to a child involved in a custody dispute if the child appears in person at the U.S. embassy or consulate and there is no court order issued by the foreign court of that country which bars the child's departure from the country. U.S. consuls cannot take custody of a child, force the child's return to the United States, or attempt to influence child custody proceedings in foreign courts. If the parents cannot work out an amicable settlement of a child custody dispute, the only recourse is usually court action in the country where the child is residing. A custody decree originating in the United States is not automatically recognized overseas. On the contrary, foreign courts will decide custody in accordance with the laws of that country. If you are involved in a custody dispute, you will need to obtain a foreign attorney to represent you in court. You can obtain a list of such attorneys from the U.S. embassy or consulate in the country where your child has been taken. If you are a parent involved in a custody battle overseas find out whether the country you are in is a party to the Hague Convention on the Civil Aspects of International Child Abduction. Under the Hague Convention, a child who has been wrongfully removed may be returned to his or her place of habitual residence. For further information on the Hague Convention contact the Office of Citizens Consular Services, Bureau of Consular Affairs, Department of State, Room 4817, Washington, D.C. 20520. That office also has copies of the booklet International Parental Child Abduction which contains helpful information on what U.S. citizen parents can do to prevent their child from becoming a victim of parental child abduction. If you are overseas and would like information on this subject, contact the nearest U.S. embassy or consulate for guidance. PRECAUTIONS Safeguarding Your Passport Your passport is a valuable document which should be carefully safeguarded. When living overseas, the Department of State recommends that you keep your passport at home in a safe, secure place. Although a passport kept at an available storage facility outside the home might offer maximum security, keep in mind that an emergency requiring immediate travel may make it difficult or impossible to obtain your passport before departure. In such a case, it may not be possible to obtain a replacement or temporary passport in time to make the intended travel. Loss or Theft of a U.S. Passport If your passport is lost or stolen abroad, report the loss immediately to the nearest foreign service post and to local police authorities. If you can provide the consular officer with the information in the passport, it will facilitate issuance of a new passport. Therefore, you should photocopy the data page of your passport and keep it in a separate place where it can be easily retrieved. Passport Fraud Multiple and fraudulent U.S. passports are used in many types of criminal activity, including illegal entry into the United States. In processing lost passport cases, the Department of State must take special precautions that may delay the issuance of a new passport. If you suspect a U.S. passport is being used fraudulently, do not hesitate to contact the nearest passport agency in the United States or American foreign service post overseas. Glazed Ceramic Purchases Be careful when purchasing ceramic tableware and clay pottery while overseas. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration has determined that there are dangerous levels of lead found in the glazes of some ceramic dinnerware and pottery sold abroad. Because there is no way of knowing whether a particular item is safe, the Food and Drug Administration recommends that you use such wares for decorative purposes only. CITIZENSHIP AND NATIONALITY U.S. Citizenship and Residence Abroad U.S. citizens who take up residence abroad or who are contemplating doing so frequently ask whether this will have any effect on their citizenship. Residence abroad, in and of itself, has no effect on U.S. citizenship. However, a person who becomes a U.S. citizen through naturalization and then takes up a permanent residence abroad within 1 year thereafter is subject to possible revocation of naturalization on the grounds that he/she did not intend to reside permanently in the United States when the petition for naturalization was filed. Each particular case is judged on its own merits. Clearly, some persons may have intended to reside in the United States but due to unexpected circumstances, it became necessary for them to take up residence abroad. Revocation of naturalization is the responsibility of the court where the naturalization occurred. The initial steps leading to revocation are taken by the Departments of State and Justice. Contact the nearest U.S. embassy or consulate if you have any questions about nationality. Acquisition and Loss of Citizenship U.S. citizenship may be acquired by birth in the United States or by birth abroad to a U.S. citizen parent or parents. However, there are certain residency or physical presence requirements that U.S. citizens may need to fulfill before the child's birth in order to transmit citizenship to their child born overseas. A child born abroad in wedlock to one citizen parent and one alien parent acquires U.S. citizenship only if the citizen parent was physically present in the United States for 5 years prior to the child's birth, at least 2 years of which were after the age of 14. Living abroad in military service or U.S. Government employment, or as an unmarried dependent in the household of someone so employed, can be considered as presence in the United States. A child born out of wedlock to a U.S. citizen mother acquires citizenship if the mother was physically present in the United States for 1 year. A child born out of wedlock to a U.S. citizen father must establish a legal relationship to the father before age 18 or be legitimated before reaching age 21, depending on the date of birth, if he/she is to acquire U.S. citizenship through the father. For further information on these legal requirements, consult the nearest foreign service post. Citizenship may also be acquired subsequent to birth through the process of naturalization (see previous page). Loss of citizenship can occur only as the result of a citizen's voluntarily performing an act of expatriation as set forth in the Immigration and Nationality Act with the intent to relinquish citizenship. Such acts most frequently performed include the following: l Naturalization in a foreign state; l Taking an oath or making an affirmation of allegiance to a foreign state; l Service in the armed forces of a foreign state; l Employment with a foreign government; or l Taking a formal oath of renunciation of allegiance before a U.S. consular or diplomatic officer. If you have any question about any aspect of loss of nationality, contact the nearest foreign service post or the Office of Citizens Consular Services, Bureau of Consular Affairs, Room 4817, Department of State, Washington, D.C. 20520. Dual Nationality A foreign country might claim you as a citizen of that country if: l You were born there. l Your parent or parents are or were citizens of that country. l You are a naturalized U.S. citizen but are still considered a citizen under that country's laws. If you are in any of the above categories, consult the embassy of the country where you are planning to reside or are presently living. While recognizing the existence of dual nationality, the U.S. Government does not encourage it as a matter of policy because of the problems it may cause. Claims of other countries upon dual-national U.S. citizens often place them in situations where their obligations to one country are in conflict with U.S. law. Dual nationality may hamper efforts by the U.S. Government to provide diplomatic and consular protection to individuals overseas. When a U.S. citizen is in the other country of their dual nationality, that country has a predominant claim on the person. If you have any question about dual nationality, contact the nearest foreign service post or the Office of Citizens Consular Services at the address on the previous page. FINANCIAL AND BUSINESS MATTERS U.S. Taxes U.S. citizens must report their worldwide income on their Federal income tax returns. Living or earning income outside the United States does not relieve a U.S. citizen of responsibility for filing tax returns. However, U.S. citizens living and/or working abroad may be entitled to various deductions, exclusions, and credits under U.S. tax laws, as well as under international tax treaties and conventions between the United States and a number of foreign countries. Consult the Internal Revenue Service (IRS) for further information. For information on taxes and locations of IRS offices overseas, contact any office of the IRS or write to the Forms Distribution Center, Post Office Box 25866, Richmond, Virginia 23289. That office also has copies of Publication 54, Tax Guide for U.S. Citizens and Resident Aliens Abroad, Publication 901, U.S. Tax Treaties, Publication 514, Foreign Tax Credit for Individuals and Publication 520, Scholarships and Fellowships. The IRS has also put together a package of forms and instructions (Publication 776) for U.S. citizens living abroad. You can get the package by writing to the Forms Distribution Center at the address on page 22. During the filing period, you can usually obtain the necessary Federal income tax forms from the nearest U.S. embassy or consulate. Foreign Country Taxes If you earn any income while you are overseas, you may be required to pay tax on that income. You should check the rules and regulations with that country's embassy or consulate before you leave the United States, or consult the nearest U.S. embassy or consulate abroad. Bank Accounts Some countries will permit you to maintain a local bank account denominated in dollars or in another foreign currency of your choice. This may be a good idea if the U.S. dollar is strong and the local currency in the country you reside in is weak. If that country does not permit you to maintain U.S. dollar bank accounts, another idea would be to keep your dollars in a bank in the United States. That way you could convert them to the local currency as you need them rather than all at once. This would protect you in the event that the country you are living in devalues its currency. Wills To avoid the risk of running afoul of foreign laws, if you own property or other assets both in the United States and overseas, consider the idea of having two wills drawn up. One should cover your assets in your adopted country and the other your U.S. assets. Each will should mention the other. Having two wills should ensure that your foreign property is disposed of in accordance with your wishes in the event of your death. Property Investment A major decision that you will have to face when you live abroad is whether or not to purchase a home or property. Because prices in many foreign countries may seem like a bargain compared to the United States, there may be some merit to investing in real estate. However, you will need to keep several things in mind. First, check to see whether the country where you plan to invest permits foreigners to own property. Many foreign countries do not permit foreigners without immigrant status to buy real estate. Also, there may be restrictions on areas in which you may buy property and on the total number of foreigners who may purchase property in any one year. One way for a foreigner to purchase real estate overseas may be to set up a bank trust and then lease the property. For your protection, you should first consult with a local real estate agent and then hire a reputable attorney. Check with the U.S. embassy or consulate in the country where you plan to purchase property to obtain a list of lawyers. A good lawyer will provide you with information about having your real estate contract notarized, registered, and if necessary, translated. Your attorney should also be able to advise you on protection against unscrupulous land deals. Before you make a real estate purchase, learn the customs and laws of the foreign government with regard to real estate. In the event of a dispute, you will have to abide by local and not U.S. laws. A good rule to follow is that before you invest in any real estate take the same precautions which you normally would take before you make a sizeable investment in the United States. RETURNING TO THE U.S. U.S. IMMIGRATION AND CUSTOMS If you leave the U.S. for purposes of traveling, working, or studying abroad, and return to resume U.S. residence, you are considered a returning U.S. resident by the U.S. Customs Service. When you go through immigration and customs at the port of entry, have your passport ready. Where possible, pack separately the articles you have acquired abroad to make inspection easy. Have your receipts handy in case you need to sup port your customs declaration. If you took other documents with you, such as an International Certification of Vaccination, a medical certificate, or a customs certificate of registration for foreign-made personal articles, have them ready also. If you are returning to the U.S. by car from either Mexico or Canada, a certificate of vehicle registration should be available. Articles acquired abroad and brought back with you are subject to duty and internal revenue tax. As a returning U.S. resident, you are allowed to bring back $400 worth of merchandise duty free. However, you must have been outside the United States for at least 48 hours, and you must not have used this exemption within the preceding 30-day period. The next $l,000 worth of items you bring back with you for personal use or gifts are dutiable at a flat 10% rate. Restrictions on Products Entering the U. S. Fresh fruit, meat, vegetables, plants in soil, and many other agricultural products are prohibited from entering the United States because they may carry foreign insects and diseases that could damage U.S. crops, forests, gardens, and livestock. Other items may also be restricted, so be sure to obtain details of regulations before departing for your trip back to the U.S. These restrictions also apply to mailed products. Prohibited items confiscated and destroyed at U.S. international postal facilities have almost doubled in recent years. For more information and to request the pamphlet, Travelers Tips on Prohibited Agricultural Products contact the agricultural affairs office at the nearest U.S. embassy or con-sulate, or write to the Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, U.S. Department of Agri-culture, 613 Federal Building, 6505 Belcrest Road, Hyattsville, Maryland 20782. Importing A Car If you plan to bring a car back with you, before pur chasing it, make sure it conforms to U.S. emission standards established by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). If your vehicle does not conform to standards, it may be banned from enter ing the country. For further information, obtain the pamphlet, Buying a Car Overseas? Beware! from the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Public Information Center, PM-211B, 401 M Street, S.W., Washington, D.C. 20460. Wildlife and Wildlife Products While you were overseas, if you purchased any ar ticles made from endangered animals and plants or any live wild animals to bring back as pets, you need to be aware that U.S. laws and international treaties make it a crime to bring many wildlife souvenirs into the United States. Some prohibited items include those made from sea turtle shell, most reptile skins, crocodile leather, ivory, furs from endangered cat species, and those from coral reefs. Do not buy wildlife souvenirs if you are un sure of being able to bring them legally into the United States. The penalties you risk are severe and your purchases could be confiscated. To learn more about endangered wildlife and guidelines governing restrictions on imports into the United States, you can obtain the pamphlet, Buyer Beware! For a free copy, contact the Publications Unit, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Department of the Interior, Washington, D.C. 20240. Additional information on the import of wildlife and wildlife products can be obtained through TRAFFIC (U.S.A.), World Wildlife Fund U.S., 1250 24th Street, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20037. ADDITIONAL INFORMATION U.S. Embassies and Consulates Key Officers of Foreign Service Posts : Guide for Business Representatives has names of key officers and addresses for U.S. embassies, consulates, and missions abroad. Updated 3 times a year; a 1-year subscription is $5. Order from the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402. Older Americans Travel Tips for Older Americans provides general information on passports, visas, health, currency, and other travel tidbits for elderly U.S. citizens planning to travel overseas. Copies are available for $1 from the U.S. Government Printing Office. Safe Travel A Safe Trip Abroad contains helpful precautions to minimize the chance of becoming a victim of terrorism and also provides other safety tips for Americans traveling overseas. To obtain a copy, send $1 to the U.S. Government Printing Office. Crisis Abroad Crisis Abroad What the State Department Does summarizes the work by the State Department during a crisis and its efforts to obtain reliable information from local authorities abroad for concerned relatives and friends of Americans located in the disaster area. Copies are free from CA/PA, Room 5807, Department of State, Washington, D.C. 20520. The Citizens Emergency Center The Citizens Emergency Center contains information about the assistance that office provides in four major categories: deaths, arrests, welfare/whereabouts inquiries, and financial-medical emergencies. The leaflet is free from CA/PA at the address above. Russia travel tips title rU.S. DEPARTMENT OF STATE 1995 MAY: RUSSIA AND NEWLY INDEPENDENT STATES TRAVEL TIPS BUREAU OF CONSULAR AFFAIRS TIPS FOR TRAVELERS TO RUSSIA AND THE NEWLY INDEPENDENT STATES Introduction This pamphlet contains information for travel to the Newly Independent States (NIS). These countries include: Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Moldova, Russia, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Ukraine, and Uzbekistan. The Newly Independent States are currently undergoing fundamental political and economic changes. The tourism industry, like other enterprises in the region, has been affected by the elimination of some government organizations and the introduction of new bureaucratic systems. These changes can cause confusion for travelers throughout the Newly Independent States. Formerly, all tourism in the region was handled by Intourist, which has contracts with a large network of hotels and restaurants. However, other tour agencies have been established which offer comparable services. In addition, there are a number of specialized tour operators which organize stays with families and adventure tours. It is best to book travel with regional tour operators through U.S. travel agencies. Consular Information Program The Department of State issues Consular Information Sheets for all countries of the world. When the Department, based on the best available information, recommends against travel to a certain country, it will issue a Travel Warning in addition to the Consular Information Sheet. Consular Information Sheets include such information as the location of the U.S. embassy or consulate in the subject country, entry requirements, crime and security information, health concerns and unusual currency regulations. If an unstable condition exists in a country that is not severe enough to warrant a Travel Warning, a description of the condition(s) may be included in the Consular Information Sheet under an optional section entitled "Areas of Instability." On limited occasions, relevant U.S. embassy advice given to official employees will be included. Consular Information Sheets present information in a factual manner so travelers can make their own informed decisions concerning travel to a particular country. The State Department also issues Public Announcements as a means to disseminate information quickly about terrorist threats or other short- term or transnational conditions which pose significant risks to the security of American travelers. There are several ways to access Consular Information Sheets, Travel Warnings and Public Announcements. You can listen to them 24 hours a day by calling 202-647-5225 from a touchtone phone. You can receive copies of them of by sending a self-addressed, stamped envelope to the Overseas Citizens Services, Room 4800, Department of State, Washington, D.C. 20520-4818. (Write the name of the requested country or countries on the outside of the envelope.) To receive them by fax, dial 202-647-3000 from a fax machine, using the machine's telephone receiver, and follow the instructions. To view and download with a personal computer and modem, dial the Consular Affairs Bulletin Board (CABB) on modem number: 202-647-9225. Set your communications software to: no parity, 8 bits, one stop bit (N-8-1). Consular Information Sheets and Travel Warnings are posted at the 13 regional passport agencies and at American embassies and consulates abroad. They can also be accessed through an airline or travel agent's computer reservation system or by computer through many electronic information services. General Information This section contains general information useful for travel throughout the Newly Independent States. For information about a specific country, please refer to the current Consular Information Sheet, or the Country Profiles section. Visas U.S. citizens must possess a valid U.S. passport and appropriate visas for travel to or transit through the Newly Independent States, whether by train, car or airplane. Travelers who arrive without an entry visa may be unable to register in a hotel, are subject to large fines, and may be delayed by lengthy official processing requirements and/or face immediate ordered departure by route of entry (at traveler's expense). Under extenuating circumstances, some countries may grant limited stay visas at the border or the airport. Visas should be obtained in advance of your trip at the embassy or consulate of the country you wish to visit. If possible, plan to obtain your visa(s) in the United States, because they can be difficult and time-consuming to obtain abroad. Visas are valid for specific dates. Before starting your trip, be sure your visa is valid for the dates of your planned entry and departure and indicates the point of entry. It is helpful to make a photocopy of your visa in the event of loss while enroute or after entry to Russia. Amendment of a visa necessitated by illness or changes in travel plans must be approved in advance by the office that issued your visa. Tourist, Business, and Transit Visas U.S. citizens may apply for a tourist, business or transit visa. Most travelers to the Newly Independent States arrange for their visas and accommodations through an American travel agent. A business visa requires a letter of invitation from a business contact in the country to which you are traveling. A transit visa requires a copy of your confirmed ticket and visa (if required) to your onward destination. Many NIS governments accept each others' visas as valid for transit of less than 72 hours through their own territory. However, border officials, particularly at remote land crossings are not always aware of visa reciprocity between other NIS countries and their own government. Furthermore, border guards often fail to date stamp foreign passports on entry at land borders with other NIS countries, leaving no way to prove, when exiting, how much time the traveler has spent transiting a given country. For these reasons, it is always a good idea to obtain a separate visa for each country you may transit. Sponsorship for Visas Many of the Newly Independent States issue visas (with the exception of transit visas) on the basis of support from a sponsor, usually an individual or local organization. It is important to know who your sponsor is and how to contact them, because in many of these countries the law requires that your sponsor apply on your behalf for replacement, extension or changes to your visa. The U.S. Embassy cannot act as your sponsor. U.S. citizens should contact their tour company or hotel in advance for information on visa sponsorship. How to Obtain Visa Information Authoritative and current information on visas can only be obtained from the embassies or consulates of the countries you plan to visit. When you inquire about visas, ask about price, length of validity, the number of entries that are permitted and whether or not you will need an exit visa. Your U.S. Passport Thefts of U.S. passports are increasing rapidly. The theft or loss of a passport, especially when the nearest U.S. consular office is hundreds or thousands of miles away, is a major source of inconvenience and expense to travelers. Before your trip, make photocopies of the data page of your passport and of your visa(s). A copy of the addresses and telephone numbers of the U.S. embassies and consulates in the countries you will visit may also be helpful. Put one set of the photocopies along with two passport photos in a place separate from your passport. If your passport is lost or stolen abroad, this will make issuance of a new passport faster and easier. Leave the second set of copies and your itinerary with a relative or friend in the U.S. While in the NIS, you may be asked to turn over your passport to hotel personnel or a tour leader for short periods of time for registration with police or for other purposes. Your passport should be returned within two or three days. However, for U.S. citizens on long-term business or studies, the registration process can often take longer. It is not unusual for sponsors and local authorities to hold on to American passports for as much as several weeks while visas are registered or while exit visas are processed. Be sure to safeguard your passport at all other times, as its loss can cause you delays and problems. If your passport is lost or stolen, you must apply for a replacement passport at a U.S. embassy or consulate. If possible, bring with you: identification, especially any photo i.d.; proof of U.S. citizenship (a birth certificate, naturalization certificate, or a copy of your passport); two 2" by 2" passport size photos, in color or black and white; and a police report, if available. (Some embassies are equipped with passport photo cameras and can take your passport photo for a fee.) In most cases, a new passport can be issued quickly. If U.S. passport records must be checked, the process may delay the issuance of a new passport. A new passport costs $55 for an adult and $30 for a child; the execution fee is $10. Please be aware that in the NIS you must also obtain a new or duplicate visa from the Office of Visas and Registration (OVIR) should your passport be lost or stolen. (This office is also known as the "Passport-Visa Service" in some areas.) The passport number on your visa must match that of your new passport. Obtaining a replacement visa takes approximately 10 working days. A police certificate verifying the theft of your visa and passport may be necessary to obtain a new visa. Questions regarding U.S. visas for foreigners should be directed to the nearest U.S. embassy or consulate. Registration All U.S. citizens who visit the Newly Independent States are encouraged to register at the nearest U.S. embassy or consulate. Registration is especially important if you are in an area experiencing civil unrest or a natural disaster, if you are going to a place where communications are poor, or if you plan to stay for a long period of time. Registration takes only a few minutes, and it may be invaluable in case of an emergency. If your passport is lost or stolen, having previously registered at an embassy or consulate can make it easier to issue you a new passport without a delay. Travel in the Region Areas of Instability When planning a trip to the Newly Independent States, be aware that areas of instability still exist throughout the region and that it may not be safe or wise to travel through these areas. For updated information on a specific country, please consult that country's current Consular Information Sheet. Name Changes and Travel Times Many geographic names throughout the region have been changed. Try to obtain maps before your trip, but keep in mind that some place names may need to be updated. If your map and street sign do not correspond, you are not necessarily lost; it is entirely possible that the street has been renamed. Departure and arrival times for planes, trains and boats were formerly quoted in Moscow time; now, the timetables for travel in and between the Newly Independent States have been revised to quote local times. Within Russia itself, however, you may still find Moscow time in use regardless of which of the 11 time zones you are in. Whenever you make reservations or purchase tickets, learn which time zones the schedule refers to and confirm all departure and arrival times as you travel. Air Travel Within the Newly Independent States With the breakup of Aeroflot into many small airlines, travel within the NIS is often unreliable. Domestic air travelers must often cope with unpredictable and/or inaccurate schedules and difficult conditions, including deterioration of centralized systems of maintenance, poor service, overloading and fuel shortages. In addition, it is often difficult to make arrangements for air travel within the NIS from the United States. Overland Travel When traveling by train or automobile in the NIS countries, it is advisable to bring food and water with you. You cannot rely on the availability or quality of these goods throughout the region. When traveling overland between Central European countries and the NIS, be certain that you have visas for all countries through which you will pass. For example, you will need a Belarusian transit visa if you take the train from Warsaw, Poland to Vilnius, Lithuania because the train passes through Grodno, Belarus. Most transit problems can be avoided if you research your routes well. Auto Travel Driving conditions in the NIS are drastically different from those in Western Europe. In some areas, roads are practically non-existent. Throughout the region, service stations are few and far between, and the lines are often quite long for the scarce amount of available fuel. Travelers should adhere to all local driving regulations. They are strictly enforced and violators are subject to severe legal penalties. In addition, your automobile should be fully insured under a policy valid for the country in which you are traveling. A valid U.S. driver's license, a valid international driver's license, or a valid license from the country in which you are traveling are necessary to drive a vehicle. International driver's licenses, good for one year, are available through the American Automobile Association. Foreigners planning to drive in the region for more than one month are encouraged to obtain an international license. Travelers without a valid license are often subject to prolonged stops by highway police. Health Precautions Travel in the Newly Independent States can be strenuous, particularly for the elderly and individuals with special health problems. When you plan your trip, be careful not to overschedule; leave time for rest and relaxation. Tourists in frail health are strongly advised not to visit because of the harsh conditions and lack of adequate medical facilities. Health Concerns Outbreaks of diphtheria have been reported throughout the NIS, even in large cities such as Moscow and St. Petersburg. The U.S. Centers for Disease Control recommend up-to-date diphtheria immunizations before traveling to the NIS. Typhoid can be a concern for those who plan to travel extensively in the region. Cases of cholera have also been reported throughout the area; the risk of exposure to cholera can be reduced by refraining from drinking local water supplies. Immunizations No immunizations are required for travelers to the NIS. However, diphtheria, tetanus, polio and Gamma Globulin vaccinations are recommended for the region. The following vaccines should be considered, depending on the locations to be visited, planned activities, and the health of the traveler: Hepatitis A, Hepatitis B, rabies and typhoid. If traveling to certain southern border areas of Azerbaijan and Tajikistan, malaria prevention measures are recommended. Please be aware that many of the NIS countries stipulate that foreigners planning an extended stay in the area must be tested for the AIDS virus. The length of stay mandating an AIDS test varies from country to country. Positive test results for HIV could be grounds for expulsion from the country. All travelers intending to reside in the Newly Independent States are strongly advised to have the requisite tests performed in the United States, as the testing conditions in the NIS tend to be very unsanitary and could pose a hazard to your health. Requirements for HIV testing are likely to change in the countries of the NIS as new legislation is adopted. Please refer to the current Consular Information Sheet or contact the U.S. embassy in the country you plan to visit for the latest requirements. Medical Care in the Region Medical care in the Newly Independent States is below Western standards. There is a severe shortage of basic medical supplies, including disposable needles, anesthetics, common medications, and antibiotics. X-rays are of poor quality, and other advanced diagnostic equipment (such as CAT scan machines) is not widely available. Patient support services, including basic hygiene measures, are inadequate. Travelers may expect the length of hospitalization to exceed the duration of stay they would expect in Western facilities. In addition, full, frank, and empathetic discussions between doctor and patient are hampered by language barriers as well as the lack of customary patient rights. Access to the few quality facilities that exist in major cities usually require cash payment in U.S. dollars at Western rates upon admission. Many resident Americans travel to the West for virtually all their medical needs. If you need medical care, U.S. embassies and consulates maintain lists of medical facilities and English-speaking doctors. Drinking Water The U.S. Public Health Service warns that many visitors to the NIS have returned to the United States infected with the intestinal parasite Giardia lamblia. This infection is usually contracted by drinking local tap water. In addition, you should avoid ice cubes, salads, and uncooked vegetables and fruits which cannot be peeled, and use bottled water for brushing teeth. Local water supplies can be avoided in several ways. Some travelers to the region bring drinking water with them in their luggage. If you cannot import your drinking water, drink only bottled carbonated drinks or beverages that have been boiled for at least five minutes. Some portable water filters are specially constructed to remove the Giardia parasite; however, if you are relying on a water filter, it is still highly advisable to boil the water after filtering. In many large cities, bottled water of imported or Russian origin can be purchased in some stores. However, travelers should not rely on the availability of bottled water from these sources. In addition, carry iodine tablets to disinfect drinking water (though it should be noted that some iodine tablets take several hours to work). Travelers returning from the region who develop a diarrheal illness lasting more than five days should consult a physician. Bring Your Own Medicines Bring with you any necessary medications and keep them in their original, labeled containers in your hand luggage. Because of strict laws on narcotics, carry a letter from your physician explaining your need for any prescription drugs in your possession. Also bring along any toiletries and personal hygiene items that you will need. These items can be difficult to obtain in major cities and virtually nonexistent elsewhere. For More Health Information The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) in Atlanta has detailed information on health matters for the international traveler. For recorded information on worldwide health information, contact the CDC at 404-332-4559. For information by fax, contact the CDC at 404- 332-4565 and follow the prompts. Review Your Health Insurance Policy If your insurance does not cover you abroad, consider purchasing temporary insurance that does. In addition to medical insurance, consider obtaining insurance to cover medical evacuation in the event of an accident or serious illness. Because conditions in many hospitals are not adequate to ensure recovery, medical evacuation is frequently necessary for illnesses or injuries which could be treated locally in other countries. This is an expensive option; for instance, minimum cost from Moscow to New York on a stretcher is more than $10,000. Medical evacuation by hospital aircraft on the same route approaches $130,000. The minimum cost for medical evacuation from Kiev to Western Europe in a hospital aircraft is approximately $20,000 and evacuation to the U.S. approaches $100,000. Such services require a substantial down payment before they commit themselves to arranging a flight out of the NIS. Insurance companies, as well as some credit card and travelers check companies, offer short-term health and emergency assistance policies designed for travelers. Ask your travel agent for information about them or look for their advertisements in travel publications. Currency The countries of the Newly Independent States operate on the basis of cash-only economies. This means that traveler's checks and credit cards are not widely, if ever, accepted as currency. Old, or very worn dollar bills are often not accepted, even at banks. U.S. bills in small denominations (ones and fives) are often useful for covering taxi fares, tips and other minimal expenses easily paid for in dollars. The countries of the Newly Independent States have experienced periodic cash shortages. The difficulties of a currency shortage can be avoided by taking a prepaid tour that includes all meals and hotels. Most travelers, however, solve the problem of the currency shortage by coming to the NIS with a sufficient supply of hard currency to cover their obligations during travel. Be advised that some hotel restaurants and shops will accept payment only in dollars or other hard currency. Before you leave home, check with your credit card and travelers check companies to learn if and where these can be used in Russia and the Newly Independent States. The countries of the Newly Independent States have established their own currency systems. Generally, U.S. dollars can be exchanged for local currency only at official exchange offices or in banks. Anyone caught dealing on the black market can expect to be detained by the local militia. Customs Regulations Customs laws and regulations in the NIS are generally in a state of flux and not consistently enforced. However, when enforced, customs and currency laws are strict. When you arrive, make an accurate and complete customs declaration of all money, travelers checks, and valuables in your possession. Include all personal jewelry, such as wedding rings and watches, and other high-value items, such as personal computers. Never declare more money leaving the country than you declared coming in. Have your customs declaration stamped by the authorities and keep it with you until you leave the country. Keep your exchange receipts to account for your expenditures. Without these records, customs officials could confiscate your cash and valuables upon departure. Attempts to bring any of the following articles into the NIS have caused difficulties for U.S. citizens in the past: Narcotics - Drug laws are strict. U.S. citizens have received long sentences for trying to enter or transit with illegal narcotics. Pornography - Magazines with sexually explicit photographs, that may be considered commonplace in Western countries, may be regarded as pornography in some of the NIS countries and are often confiscated. Gifts for Persons in the NIS - A high rate of customs duty may be assessed on gifts that you bring into a foreign country. U.S. citizens have had to abandon gifts at the airport because they lacked funds to pay the customs duty. Video Cassettes - Customs regulations allow for the import and re-export of a limited number of blank or commercially recorded video cassettes for personal use. Some travelers with a large number of cassettes have had them confiscated. Travelers are advised to leave blank video cassettes sealed in their wrappers when entering a country. Shopping Be wary of antiques! Artwork, souvenirs, and handicrafts purchased at special stores for tourists may be taken out of the Newly Independent States. The authorities define antiques as anything which is of historical or cultural value, and they apply this definition to a wide range of articles. Antiques and artifacts (such as samovars) often may not be taken out of these countries without inspection by local cultural authorities and payment of a substantial export duty; this can be an inconvenient and time consuming process. Items such as samovars which are not purchased at tourist stores and not cleared by cultural authorities are normally confiscated at pre-departure customs inspections. You should obtain a receipt for all items of value that you have purchased. The receipt must indicate that the items were bought in a store clearly licensed to sell to foreigners. Furthermore, icons, art, rugs, antiques and other culturally significant objects must have a certificate indicating that they have no historical value. This certificate can be obtained either from the store at the time the item is purchased or from the Ministry of Culture. Crime Crime Against Foreigners Crime against foreigners in the Newly Independent States continues to increase, especially in major cities. Pickpocketings, assaults and robberies occur both day and night. Be aware of your surroundings; travelers are assaulted or robbed on city streets, in underground walkways and the subway, in train stations and airports, at markets, tourist attractions and restaurants, and in hotel rooms and residences, even when locked or occupied. Members of religious and missionary groups have been robbed by people pretending to be interested in their beliefs. Groups of children are known to assault and rob foreigners on city streets or underground walkways. Foreigners who have been drinking alcohol are especially vulnerable to assault and robbery in or around night clubs or bars, or on their way home. Robberies may occur in taxis shared with strangers. Traffic police sometimes stop motorists to extract cash "fines." Travelers have found it safer to travel in groups organized by reputable tour agencies as those traveling alone are more vulnerable to crime. Crime aboard trains has also increased. For example, travelers have been victimized without their knowledge and robbed on the train from Moscow to St. Petersburg. Crimes such as armed robbery have also been reported on trains between Moscow and Warsaw and between Moscow and Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia. On some trains, thieves have been able to open locked compartment doors. Crime Against Foreign Businesses Extortion and corruption permeate the business environment in the NIS. Organized criminal groups target foreign businesses in many cities and reportedly demand protection money under threat of serious violence. Many Western companies hire security services, but this has not always proven effective in avoiding armed extortion attempts. Safety Tips Although officials in the Newly Independent States have in many cases expressed willingness to cooperate with U.S. officials in emergencies involving U.S. citizens, communications and transportation can be slow and difficult, and the nearest U.S. embassy or consulate may be more than a day's travel away. To reduce the risk of becoming a victim of crime, exercise the same precautions that you would in any large city and follow these tips: -- Safety begins when you pack. Leave expensive jewelry, unnecessary credit cards, and anything you would hate to lose at home. -- Never display large sums of money when paying a bill. Conceal your passport, cash, and other valuables on your person. Do not trust waist packs or fanny packs because pickpockets have learned that is where the valuables are stored. -- Do not leave valuables in your hotel room; have them locked in the hotel safe. -- Be vigilant on public transport and at tourist sites, food markets, flea markets, art exhibitions, and all places where crowds gather. -- Even slight intoxication is noted by professional thieves. Therefore, if you drink in a public place, do so only with a trusted friend who has agreed to remain sober. -- If you are the victim of crime, report it immediately to the local police and to the nearest U.S. embassy or consulate. It is worthwhile to report a theft, because stolen items are sometimes retrieved. -- Avoid hailing unmarked cars as taxis. Although this is a common practice in the NIS, foreigners have been robbed and assaulted by the drivers of such unmarked cabs. Never accept a ride from a driver who already has other passengers. Useful information on safeguarding valuables, protecting personal security, and other matters while traveling abroad is provided in the Department of State pamphlet, "A Safe Trip Abroad," which is for sale from the U.S. Government Printing Office. (See back cover for ordering information.) Photography Restrictions The majority of areas formerly closed to foreigners have been opened; currently, only areas and installations closed to the general public can be closed to foreigners. However, use good judgment when photographing in museums and sensitive areas. (Many museums do not permit photography near the exhibits.) When in doubt, ask your tour guide or someone else in authority if it is acceptable to take a photograph. Russia travel tips (more) title HsHsU.S. DEPARTMENT OF STATE 1995 MAY: RUSSIA AND NEWLY INDEPENDENT STATES TRAVEL TIPS BUREAU OF CONSULAR AFFAIRS The following are general guidelines for photo-taking in the Newly Independent States: Photographs are permitted of architectural monuments, cultural, educational, and medical buildings, theaters, museums, parks, stadiums, streets and squares, and living quarters and landscape scenes. If prior permission is obtained from officials of the institution concerned, photographs may be taken of industrial enterprises which manufacture non-military products, farms, railroad stations, airports, riverports, and governmental, educational, and social organizations. Telephone Service to the U.S. Long distance telephone calls can usually be made from a hotel. It is also possible to make calls from the local Telephone and Telegraph office. This is the cheapest way to call, but it also necessitates standing in line and putting in a request to make an international call. A rudimentary knowledge of the local language is extremely helpful for those placing a call through the Telephone and Telegraph office. U.S. Priority Mail Services Federal Express, DHL, TNT, and United Parcel Service all offer priority mail services between the U.S. and Russia and the U.S. and Ukraine. (However, even packets sent by priority mail may be held up in customs for up to a week.) Legal Matters How to Avoid Legal Problems While in a foreign country, a U.S. citizen is subject to that country's laws and regulations. In some instances, laws in the NIS countries differ significantly from those in the United States and do not afford the protections available to the individual under U.S. law. Exercise caution and carefully obey local laws. Penalties for breaking the law can be more severe than in the United States for similar offenses. Persons violating the law, even unknowingly, may have difficulties with the authorities and may be expelled and forced to forfeit the unused part of a prepurchased tour. Serious transgressions of the law can lead to arrest and imprisonment. Under Article 12 of the U.S.-USSR Consular Convention of 1964 (which the U.S. considers to remain in force), government authorities in the NIS countries are required to inform the U.S. embassy or consulate of the arrest or detention of a U.S. citizen and to permit communication with the detained citizen within two to four days of arrest. If you are detained by authorities, ask that a U.S. consular officer be informed and that you be allowed to meet with a consular officer without delay. Dual Nationality The U.S. government has notified the governments of the Newly Independent States that the U.S.-USSR Consular Convention of 1964 is considered to remain in force. The United States recognizes as an established principle of international law that every sovereign state has the right to decide under the provisions of its own laws who is and who is not its citizen. The U.S. Department of State maintains the following: -- U.S. citizens, whether by birth or naturalization, possess full American citizenship and its accompanying benefits and responsibilities despite any additional entitlement to other citizenships. -- A U.S. citizen entering a country of the Newly Independent States with a U.S. passport and a valid visa is regarded as a U.S. citizen by that country for purposes of the visit, regardless of whether the foreign government might also consider that person to be their citizen. -- U.S. citizens cannot lose their U.S. citizenship because of automatic acquisition of foreign citizenship. However, if a U.S. citizen contemplates voluntarily accepting dual nationality in connection with assuming duties as a government official in one of the NIS countries, he or she should first consult with the Department of State's Office of Overseas Citizens Services at 202-647-5225 or with the nearest U.S. embassy or consulate. The countries of the Newly Independent States generally do not prevent a U.S. citizen possessing a U.S. passport and appropriate visas from visiting those countries and returning to the United States, or to his or her country of permanent residence, even if under foreign laws he or she is considered a citizen of a NIS country. Any dual national U.S. citizen traveling in any country in the region should contact the nearest U.S. embassy or consulate immediately if any question arises about his or her U.S. or foreign citizenship. Legal Permanent U.S. Residents Please be aware that the ability of U.S. authorities to assist legal permanent U.S. residents is limited. These individuals should travel with appropriate documentation of their legal status in the U.S. Those who are citizens of an NIS country should ensure that they have the correct entry/exit permission from the appropriate embassy in the United States before they travel. Marriage Abroad Americans contemplating marriage to a citizen of Russia or other NIS country should contact the Consular Section of the nearest American embassy or consulate before the marriage takes place. Consular officers cannot perform marriages, but can provide information about local regulations concerning marriage. Adopting A Child Abroad It is technically possible to adopt a child from most countries in the Newly Independent States. However, adoption laws and procedures vary from country to country, and are subject to change with little prior notice. In general, adoption procedures throughout the region are complicated, and prospective parents should be prepared to go through a lengthy process before being allowed to adopt a child. The Department of State maintains country specific information on file about the current laws and procedures for international adoption in the Newly Independent States. U.S. citizens interested in adopting a child from one of these countries are encouraged to contact their state's Department of Health and Human Services to locate an agency that specializes in international adoptions, and/or the Department of State's Office of Children's Issues, in the Office of Overseas Citizens Services, at 202-736-7000 for further information on foreign country adoption requirements. Country Profiles The following sections contain information on the individual countries of the Newly Independent States. This is a challenging and exciting time to visit these countries. Because travel conditions are changing rapidly throughout the region, you will need to research and plan your visit carefully before leaving the United States. Be patient and flexible once you are underway in order to have a successful and pleasurable trip. For updates on each of these countries, please consult the current Consular Information Sheets. RUSSIA Visas Russian law requires that all travelers who spend more than three days in Russia register their visas through their hotel or sponsor. Visitors who have not registered their visas may be prevented from leaving the country. In addition, all foreigners must have an exit visa to depart Russia. For short stays, the exit visa is issued together with the entry visa; for longer stays, the exit visa must be obtained by a sponsor after the traveler's arrival. Problems with tourist visas should be referred first to Intourservice, located in many major hotels. If problems are encountered with other types of visas, travelers should contact their sponsor, who will intercede with OVIR on the behalf of U.S. citizens. Errors in the dates or other information on the visa can occur, and it is a good idea to check your visa carefully before departing the United States. U.S. citizens can contact the Russian Embassy, Consular Division, 1825 Phelps Place, NW, Washington, D.C. 20008, telephone (202) 939-8918, 939-8907, or 939-8913, or the Russian Consulates in New York, San Francisco or Seattle for current information on visa requirements. Passports In the event your passport is lost or stolen, please be aware that the U.S. Embassy and Consulates in Russia only accept U.S. dollars, rubles or travelers checks as payment for a replacement passport. (The American Consulate General in Vladivostok does not accept payment for consular fees in traveler's checks.) Areas of Instability At press time, the political situation remains particularly unsettled in Russia's Caucasus area, which is located in southern Russia along its border with Georgia and Azerbaijan. Travel to this area is considered dangerous. The regions of the Chechen Republic, the Ingush Republic and the North Ossetian Republic have experienced continued armed violence and have a state of emergency in effect. Street demonstrations, which sometimes turn violent, may occur without warning, although announcements of demonstrations in Moscow are usually carried on local English-language radio news programs. Crime Crime is a growing problem in Russia, particularly in major cities and along the highway between St. Petersburg and Vyborg. Additional information may be found on page 16 in the section on "Crime." Air Travel The U.S. Federal Aviation Administration and Russian Civil Air Authorities conducted a joint safety evaluation of Russia's civil aviation. Airlines certified to operate internationally meet higher standards than domestic-only air carriers yet also fly to most domestic destinations. The Russian Department of Air Transport has provided a list, which is available from the U.S. Embassies in Moscow or Kiev or by writing the Department of State's Office of Overseas Citizen's Services, of those airlines certified by Russia for international operations. Travelers should note that safety certification of the airlines on this list is provided solely by the Russian Department of Air Transport; the Federal Aviation Administration only provides safety certification of U.S. airlines. In addition, a few foreign international airlines are starting to offer flights between some of the countries in the region. While Russian airlines are in transition to meet international standards, flexibility and patience are the keys to successful air travel throughout the region. Auto Travel and Insurance All tourists entering Russia by automobile are required to sign a statement guaranteeing the re-export of their automobiles. This obligation also applies to vehicles which may have been damaged during your travels. Your automobile should be fully insured under a policy valid for Russia and for any other country you will enter. Insurance policies may be purchased from Lloyds of London or from Ingostrakh, Kuybyshev Street 11/10, Moscow and Zakharyevskaya Street 17, St. Petersburg. Ingostrakh is a Russian organization that insures foreigners in Russia. Ingostrakh also sells auto insurance for travelers who plan to drive out of Russia through Finland by car. Auto insurance obtained in Russia is accepted in some of the other NIS countries. Be aware that Russian law allows the insurance company to refuse compensation for damage if a driver is pronounced by the authorities to be under the influence of alcohol at the time of an accident. Such determinations can be made without the benefit of any tests. Currency Though Russia operates on the basis of a cash-only economy, some hotels and restaurants in Moscow and St. Petersburg have begun to accept credit cards. (These are usually foreign run, joint venture operations.) However, do not assume your hotel will accept your credit card as payment! If you find yourself short of funds in Moscow, St. Petersburg, or Vladivostok, there are several possible avenues for assistance. Western Union has agents in Moscow, St. Petersburg and Vladivostok, as well as in other cities in the NIS, which can disburse money wired from the U.S. In addition, money can be transferred from a bank account in the U.S to Dialogbank, located in the Slavianskaya Hotel (the minimum transfer is $1,000). In case of an emergency, funds may also be wired to an American citizen through the State Department's Overseas Citizens Services at 202-647-5225. The funds are generally disbursed two business days later at the American Citizens Services unit of the U.S. Embassy. In Moscow, automatic teller machines which accept American Express credit cards are located at the American Express office and the Mezhdunarodnaya (International) Hotel. An automatic teller machine which accepts Visa cards is located in the Metropol Hotel. Dialogbank in the Radisson Hotel provides cash advances for Mastercard holders. The American Express offices in Moscow and St. Petersburg can cash travelers checks and personal checks for card holders. In addition, the St. Petersburg office can provide card holders with cash advances up to $500. In Vladivostok, Credo Bank (located near the Territorial Administration building) can cash American Express traveler's checks for rubles only and provide cash advances in dollars on Visa credit cards. During periodic cash shortages, it can be difficult or impossible to cash travelers checks for dollars, for other convertible (hard) currency, or even for rubles. In places where it is possible to cash traveler's checks (such as in some hotels in major cities), the fee may be high (for example, 5%). In addition, the currency situation varies from city to city. In Moscow, cash may be available at Dialogbank or American Express. In St. Petersburg, rubles may be available but not hard currency (though rubles and hard currency are generally available). Customs Russian customs laws and regulations are in a state of flux and are not consistently enforced. All items which may appear to have historical or cultural value -- icons, art, rugs, antiques, etc. -- may be taken out of Russia only with prior written approval of the Ministry of Culture and payment of up to 100 percent duty. Caviar may only be taken out of Russia with a receipt indicating it was bought in a store licensed to sell to foreigners. Failure to follow the customs regulations may result in confiscation of the property in question. For further information, see the general information section on "Shopping." Russian Law On February 6, 1992, Russia established a new citizenship law recognizing dual nationality only if there is an agreement between the two countries which specifically addresses dual nationality. At this time, the United States and Russia do not have a dual nationality agreement. Therefore, if you hold dual nationality and encounter problems in Russia, you may not be permitted to leave and the ability of a U.S. consul to assist you may be limited. Russian President Boris Yeltsin has signed into law legislation which requires all foreigners staying in Russia for more than 3 months to undergo a test for the AIDS virus. The details of the new law were not available at the time this brochure went to press. Please refer to the current Consular Information Sheet for updated information on this issue. ARMENIA Travelers are advised to obtain a visa from the Embassy of the Republic of Armenia in Washington, D.C. before traveling to Armenia. It is possible to obtain a 21-day visa at the main airport in Yerevan upon arrival, but at a higher cost. Travelers without a visa cannot register at hotels and may be required to leave the country immediately via the route by which they entered. Air transportation to and from Armenia is limited, and passengers should be prepared to cope with frequent delays, unexpected refueling stops, and poor service. Other modes of transportation may be unreliable and uncomfortable. Although the U.S. government no longer prohibits U.S. officials from traveling overland between Georgia and Armenia, travelers should exercise caution. Travelers should be aware that there is frequent armed conflict along portions of the Armenian-Azerbaijani border. Travelers should be prepared for a lack of electricity and heat, fuel shortages, and limited availability of consumer goods. Traveler's checks and credit cards are not accepted. Armenia has a relatively low rate of violent crime, but robbery has increased. AZERBAIJAN A passport and visa are required to enter Azerbaijan. Businesspersons who apply for visas more than five days in advance and tourists who apply more than ten days in advance will not be charged for their visas. Individuals requesting visas for less time or arriving in Baku without a valid Azerbaijani visa will be charged a fee ranging from $40 to $250 for their visa. Although visas can be obtained in Baku after arrival, passports without visas are retained by immigration authorities at the airport. Visitors must apply to the consular department of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs the next working day to retrieve their passport. All visitors to Azerbaijan are strongly urged to obtain a visa prior to their arrival. Travelers with valid Georgian visas are permitted to enter Azerbaijan for five days. Thereafter, they must obtain an Azerbaijani visa. Visa applicants must include a letter of invitation from an individual or organization in Azerbaijan when applying for a visa. Outside the United States, visas may be obtained from Azerbaijani embassies in Germany, Turkey, and the United Kingdom. For additional information on visa requirements, contact the Embassy of Azerbaijan in Washington, D.C. at telephone 202-842-0001 or fax 202-842-0004. Although Azerbaijan has a low rate of violent crime, incidents of street crime and assaults on foreigners are increasing. Travelers should exercise caution as public disturbances may occur without warning. In the capital of Baku, armed troops are positioned outside a number of government buildings to provide additional security. Azerbaijan has been engaged in an ethnic conflict with Armenia over the territory of Nagorno-Karabakh. Approximately twenty percent of the territory of Azerbaijan is occupied by Armenian forces from Nagorno-Karabakh. Travelers may be stopped at roadblocks while vehicles and travel documents are inspected. Travel to several regions is restricted and requires advance permission from the Ministry of the Interior. The Consular Section of the American Embassy in Baku can provide additional information on the crime situation including safety tips and contact numbers for the local police. Train travel in the Caucasus region has been severely disrupted by civil strife and is not secure. Air travel to Azerbaijan is currently available through Turkey on a regular basis, and, through Germany and the United Kingdom on a more limited schedule. A state of emergency and midnight to 5:00 a.m. curfew established in October 1994 remain in effect for Baku. There are numerous roadblocks and checkpoints throughout the capital. Visitors to Azerbaijan are encouraged to exercise extreme caution. BELARUS A visa is required for entry into Belarus. Visas may be obtained at the Belarusian Embassy in Washington, D.C. or the Consulate in New York. An invitation from a Belarusian sponsor, whether an individual or a travel agency, is required. Russian and Kazakh visas are valid for transit (up to three days) through Belarus. Visas may also be obtained at Belarusian embassies and consulates abroad, although this can be a time- consuming process. Travelers passing through Belarus on the way to other points in the NIS must possess a Belarusian transit visa. On occasion, travelers taking the train from Warsaw, Poland to Vilnius, Lithuania have been required to leave the train in Grodno, Belarus and return to their point of departure to obtain a transit visa. Transit visas are not available on the train. This problem can be avoided by taking the direct rail route that goes to Sestokai, Lithuania via Suwalki, Poland, without passing through Belarus. U.S. citizens residing in Belarus are required to register with the local Office of Visas and Registration (OVIR). Failure to do so will result in fines and frequent visits from local militia. U.S. citizens residing in hotels are automatically registered. Traveler's checks are not accepted in Belarus. Intourist hotels in Minsk accept American Express, and several stores selling imported goods and the Planeta Hotel accept Visa cards. The number of reported diphtheria cases in Belarus has quadrupled in the past three years. The Centers for Disease Control recommends immunization against diphtheria. GEORGIA A passport is required for entry into Georgia, but a visa is not required before arrival. Visitors who enter at the Tbilisi airport receive a temporary stamp at passport control and are instructed to obtain a visa from the Consular Division of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Visas are usually granted within five days. Travelers who have valid visas for Armenia, Azerbaijan, and Kazakhstan can use these visas for transit (up to three days) through Georgia without an additional Georgian visa. Those arriving from or departing to other countries, including the remainder of the Newly Independent States, must obtain a Georgian visa in order to leave the country. On an exceptional basis, the Georgian Ministry of Foreign Affairs can assist travelers to obtain visas at the checkpoint at Sarpi on the border with Turkey, and at the port of Batumi on the Black Sea. Arrangements must be made in advance to issue a visa at one of these entry points. Travelers should be aware of the risks of travel in Georgia. Some terrorist incidents have occurred in connection with regional conflicts. Despite the nominal end of the war in Abkhazia, travel in that region is still hazardous. High crime rates in South Ossetia make unofficial and unescorted travel there risky. The security situation in Tbilisi has improved slightly, but crime rates are still high. The security of overland travel inside Georgia is minimal. Trains destined for Armenia have occasionally been targeted by terrorists, and all train and vehicular traffic is vulnerable to robbery by bandits. Violent crime is not uncommon in Georgia. Sporadic gunfire, often celebratory in nature, can be dangerous to bystanders. Travelers on the metro system in Tbilisi are particularly susceptible to criminal acts. Petty theft and pickpocketing is common, especially in open-air markets. While police authority has improved slightly, security conditions can change rapidly. KAZAKHSTAN Entry visas are issued at the Kazakhstan Embassy on the basis of a letter of invitation from a Kazakh organization, or at the Almaty Airport. Visas issued at the airport without a letter of invitation are only valid for three days. Kazakhstan immigration officials consider visas for Russia, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, Kyrgyzstan, Armenia, and Belarus to be valid for transit (up to three days) through Kazakhstan. Incidence of infectious diseases in Kazakhstan is generally higher than in the U.S., and immunizations are unavailable. Drinking only boiled or bottled water will help guard against cholera, which has been reported. Common street crime has increased, especially at night, and some robbery victims have been assaulted. Robbers congregate around hotels that cater to foreigners. Walking in a group or utilizing an official metered taxi with door to door service is the best way to traverse the cities after sunset. KYRGYZSTAN Visas are required for entry into Kyrgyzstan. Visas are issued by the Kyrgyz Embassy in Washington, D.C. No letter of invitation is required for a stay of up to two months. For detailed information, contact the Kyrgyz Embassy at telephone (202) 628-0433 or fax (202) 347-3718. In countries where no Kyrgyz Embassy is present, the Russian Embassy has the authority to issue a Kyrgyz visa. All visitors staying in Kyrgyzstan more than three days are required to register with OVIR, the Office of Visas and Registration. Visitors who do not register within three days are fined. Currently, no airline provides dependable, regularly scheduled international air service into Bishkek. Most air travelers fly to Almaty, Kazakhstan, and then travel overland to Bishkek (approximately a four-hour journey). Train travel in the region is irregular and arduous. Kyrgyzstan has a moderate rate of violent crime, and members of the foreign community have been singled out as targets. Some incidents of muggings have occurred outside hotels catering to foreigners. Kyrgyzstan has a cash-based economy, and credit cards are not accepted. Only one bank accepts traveler's checks, and the fee can be as high as 20 percent. MOLDOVA Travelers must have visas to enter Moldova. Visas are available from the Moldovan Embassy in Washington, D.C., from the Moldovan Consulate in Frankfurt, Germany, or in other selected cities. When traveling to Moldova with the intention of continuing elsewhere in the NIS, keep in mind that visas for travel to other NIS countries are mandatory and difficult to obtain in Moldova. The U.S. Embassy in Chisinau advises that only essential travel should be undertaken into or through the Transnistria region. There are frequent checkpoints in Transnistria, manned by armed, young and inexperienced paramilitary units who are not under the control of the Moldovan government and whose members rarely understand English. Travelers may be subject to extortion or robbery at checkpoints. Only Air Moldova and Tarom (Romania's national airline) regularly fly to Moldova. Air Moldova service is well below Western standards. Aircraft appear to be old and cabin areas are in poor condition. Train service is also below Western standards and an increasing number of Americans have been victimized while traveling on international trains to and from Moldova. The Centers for Disease Control recommend Hepatitis B series for certain travelers. In addition, rabies vaccinations may be useful as casual exposure to stray dogs is common throughout Chisinau. TAJIKISTAN At the time of publication, a Travel Warning for Tajikistan was in effect. Although a cease-fire is in effect between the warring factions and peaceful elections were held, sporadic fighting continues along the Tajikistan-Afghanistan border. In addition, unsettled conditions exist in some areas of the countryside, particularly in parts of the Gharm Valley and Gorno-Badakhshan. There is a potential for terrorist actions in the capital, Dushanbe, primarily targeting Russians. The U.S. Embassy provides a full range of consular services, but is extremely limited in the services it can provide outside Dushanbe. For updated information, contact the Office of Overseas Citizens Services, at 202- 647-5225. A visa is required for entry into Tajikistan. Registry at a hotel is prohibited without a visa, and travelers who enter the country without a visa will be required to leave immediately via the route by which they entered. In the United States, Tajik visas are issued by the Russian Embassy in Washington, D.C., or the Russian Consulates in New York, San Francisco, or Seattle. Contact these sources for current information on visa requirements for Tajikistan. Due to the unsettled situation in the region, travel to, from, and within Tajikistan is difficult and unreliable. The only regular international air travel to and from Dushanbe are connections to Moscow and St. Petersburg via Air Tajikistan. These flights may be cancelled due to lack of fuel. International train connections are extremely dangerous because of criminals operating on board. Travelers to other Central Asian countries or Russia must have appropriate visas, which are not available in Tajikistan. The civil war has significantly contributed to the deterioration of Tajikistan's medical infrastructure. Many trained medical personnel have left the country and there is a potential for significant outbreaks of disease due to the migration of refugees and the discontinuance of immunization activities. International banking services are not available in Tajikistan. Traveling with large amounts of cash can be dangerous. However, credit cards and traveler's checks are rarely accepted in lieu of cash. TURKMENISTAN Without a visa, travelers to Turkmenistan cannot register at hotels and will be required to leave the country immediately via the route by which they entered. If a visa is not obtained from the Embassy of Turkmenistan in Washington, D.C., it may be obtained on arrival at the airport for twenty dollars for a ten-day stay. This visa may be obtained without presenting an invitation letter. However, if an extension of the visa is necessary, a letter of invitation must be furnished by the traveler's host to support the application. Extensions may be authorized by applying at the Ministry of Foreign Affairs on Mondays, Tuesdays, Thursdays, and Fridays. Generally, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs takes five working days to process any requests to extend visas, although for a fee, this process can be expedited. Russia travel tips (more) title 2U.S. DEPARTMENT OF STATE 1995 MAY: RUSSIA AND NEWLY INDEPENDENT STATES TRAVEL TIPS BUREAU OF CONSULAR AFFAIRS UKRAINE Visas for entry into Ukraine may be obtained in advance from the Embassy of Ukraine, or the Ukrainian Consulates in New York or Chicago. Almost all Ukrainian visas are issued on the basis of invitations. The invitation may be extended by a person, company, or organization in Ukraine or through a tour company voucher. Travelers who intend to visit Russia from Ukraine must have a Russian visa. Visitors who arrive in Ukraine without a visa must obtain one at the border point. Three day visas for travelers arriving without an invitation are issued for $150.00 at Kiev, Odessa, Lviv, and Simferopol airports and at the ports of Odessa and Yalta. Sometimes travelers art also required to purchase a tourist voucher for the visa to be issued. Visas are not normally available at land crossing points. Travelers are usually denied admission to Ukraine without a visa, or if the entire number of entries on the Ukrainian visa have been used. Those travelers intending to enter neighboring countries, such as Russia or Poland, and then re-enter Ukraine should keep this in mind. Travelers departing Ukraine do not need an exit visa; however, the visa must be valid (not expired) for departure to take place. All foreigners staying in Ukraine for more than three days are required to register their passports with local law enforcement authorities (though this requirement is sporadically enforced). The registration requirement is automatically met when foreigners stay in hotels, when resident business persons register their businesses, or when students register under established exchange programs. Private visitors must have their hosts, relatives, or landlords register their U.S. passport at the local "Visas, Permits, and Passport Department" (VVIR) office of the Ministry of Internal Affairs. Visitors who do not register may experience delays when leaving Ukraine, as well as fines or other difficulty when trying to extend visas. (Check your visa carefully for any errors in the dates of travel, number of entries, and/or authorized destinations in Ukraine.) A fee of ten U.S. dollars or the equivalent in Ukrainian currency is usually charged for visa extensions or passport registration. Your letter of invitation cannot be issued by an American in Ukraine, unless that person represents, is employed by, or studies in a registered organization (such as a joint venture or recognized university). In recent years, some Americans whose visas are sponsored by missionary groups, even registered ones, have faced problems with visa extension. The Ukrainian Ministry of Foreign Affairs no longer extends visas for private Americans, only for journalists, certain businesspersons, and other select foreigners spending extended time in Ukraine. The U.S. Embassy in Kiev accepts only U.S. dollars or Ukrainian coupons as payment for passport replacement. There have been isolated cases of diphtheria, typhoid and cholera in Ukraine. Adequate vaccination received before leaving the United States protects against these diseases. Ukrainian customs regulations prohibit the sending of money through the international mail system to Ukraine. Money sent through the mail is subject to confiscation. Make sure you have enough money to cover your expenses before entering Ukraine. In Kiev, cash may be available at the Agroprombank, Export/Import Bank, or Bank Ukraina. It is legal for Ukrainian citizens to hold hard currency; therefore, a black market does not exist for U.S. dollars. It is legal only to use a bank, hotel, or licensed currency exchange kiosk (in Ukrainian "Obmen Alyut") to exchange money. Several banks and financial companies, including Western Union, can cash travelers checks and disburse money wired from the United States. In addition, a credit card cash advance may be obtained for a fee at "Xchange Points," a company headquartered in Kiev's Lybid Hotel. As of March 1995, Ukraine has no operating Western bank. Customs declarations are carefully examined upon departure from Ukraine; keep receipts for purchases made both inside and outside Ukraine. Certain items deemed to be of historical or artistic significance may be unexportable. When purchasing artwork, always request a certificate attesting to the item's value and artistic significance. In Kiev, the Ministry of Culture on Prorizna Street has an office that can also issue these certificates, after a complicated bureaucratic process. Crimea has experienced chronic, low-level tension on the political level since 1992. Contact the U.S. Embassy in Kiev or the Office of Overseas Citizens Services for current information on the situation. UZBEKISTAN Private travel to Uzbekistan must be arranged through a travel agency (package tour) which has a relationship with Uzbek tourism, or via an invitation from a private Uzbek citizen organization or business which requests visa issuance through the Ministry of Foreign Affairs at least a month in advance. This is a time-consuming process; travelers are encouraged to make their arrangements a at least two months prior to their departure. Visas are issued at embassies and consulates abroad, although transit visas may be issued at Tashkent Airport. Uzbekistan's visa policy, which requires that the visa specify each city to be visited, is under review. Travelers should contact the Embassy of Uzbekistan or refer to the current Consular Information Sheet for clarification of Uzbekistan's visa requirements for American citizens. Travelers without a proper visa cannot register at hotels, will be fined and required to leave the country immediately via their entry route. Unlike other NIS countries, travelers with NIS visas are permitted entry to Uzbekistan for genuine transit only. Travelers with NIS visas who intend to visit Uzbekistan and then return to the NIS country from which they arrived must obtain a separate visa for Uzbekistan. Transit visas are available for Tashkent and other transit points such as Termez and Urgench, with confirmation of onward transportation within three days. All travelers in Uzbekistan for even one day are required to register with OVIR, the Office of Visas and Registration. Travelers who stay in a hotel are automatically registered, but all other travelers are responsible for registering themselves. Fees for registration with OVIR range from twenty to two hundred dollars, depending on length of stay. Visitors without proper registration are subject to fines (ranging from twenty to sixty dollars) and possible harassment by local authorities. Also, the government of Uzbekistan officially requires visitors to carry a medical certificate proving that they are not HIV infected, but this requirement is only sporadically enforced. Diseases contracted by foreigners in Uzbekistan include salmonella, hepatitis A and B, typhoid, rabies, and meningitis. Other food and waterborne diseases are common. Therefore, travelers are advised to drink only boiled or bottled water and to peel all fruit and vegetables. Due to inappropriate sanitation conditions, travelers should avoid eating dairy products and most food sold in the streets. Uzbekistan is a country in transition; a resurgence of Islamic tradition coexists with an increase in common street crime. Although modest Western-style clothing is appropriate in Tashkent, women should be prepared to dress conservatively in areas outside the capital. In rural areas, women in pants, short skirts, or sleeveless blouses face a risk of harassment. In urban areas, all travelers should take the same precautions against crime that they would take in a large American city. U.S. Embassy and Consulate Locations in Russia Moscow: Novinskiy Bulvar 19/23; tel. (7)(095) 252-2451. After hours duty officer: tel. (7)(095) 252-1898 or 255-5123. U.S. Consulates General are located at: St. Petersburg: Ulitsa Furshtadskaya 15; tel. (7-812) 275-1701. After hours duty officer: (7-812) 274-8692. Vladivostok: 12 Mordovtseva; tel. (7-4232) 268-458 or 267-117. Yekaterinburg: tel. (7-3432) 601-143, or by fax, 601-181. The Consulate General in Yekaterinburg provides emergency services only for American citizens. U.S. Embassy Locations in the Newly Independent States 18 General Bagramian Street Yerevan, ARMENIA tel. (7-8852) 15-11-44 Prospect Azadlig 83 Baku, AZERBAIJAN tel. (9-9412) 98-03-35, (9-9412) 98-03-36 or (9-9412) 98-03-37 46 Starovilenskaya Ulitsa Minsk, BELARUS tel. (7-0172) 31-50-00 25 Atoneli Street Tbilisi, GEORGIA tel. (7-8832) 98-99-67 or (7-8832) 98-99-68 99/97A Furmanova Street Almaty, KAZAKHSTAN tel. (7-3272) 63-24-26 Erkindik Prospect #66 Bishkek, KYRGYZSTAN tel. (7-3312) 22-27-77 Strada Alexei Mateevici 103 Chisinau, MOLDOVA tel. (373-2) 23-37-72 Interim Chancery #39 Ainii Street Oktyabrskaya Hotel Dushanbe, TAJIKISTAN tel. (8-3772) 21-03-56 Hotel Jubileniya Ashgabat, TURKMENISTAN tel. (7-3632) 24-49-25 (As of June 1995, the U.S. Embassy's permanent address will be: 9 Pushkin Street, Ashgabat, Turkmenistan. Please refer to the most current Consular Information Sheet for Turkmenistan for the U.S. Embassy's new telephone numbers.) Yuria Kotsubinskoho 10 Kiev, UKRAINE tel. (7-044) 244-7344, 7345, 7349; 216-3805 (afterhours) (The city codes for Ukrainian cities and the country code for Ukraine will change sometime after publication. Please refer to the current Consular Information Sheet for the new numbers.) 82 Chelanzarskaya Tashkent, UZBEKISTAN tel. (7-3712) 77-14-07 or (7-3712) 77-22-31 NIS Embassies in the United States Embassy of the Republic of ARMENIA 1660 L St., NW 11th Floor Washington, D.C. 20036 telephone: (202) 393-5983 Embassy of the Republic of AZERBAIJAN 927 15th St., NW Suite 700 Washington, D.C. 20005 telephone: (202) 842-0001 Embassy of the Republic of BELARUS New Hampshire Ave. NW Suite 1619 Washington, D.C. 20009 telephone: (202) 986-1604/1606 Embassy of the Republic of GEORGIA 1511 K St., NW Suite 424 Washington, D.C. 20005 telephone: (202) 393-6060 Embassy of the Republic of KAZAKHSTAN 3421 Massachusetts Ave, NW Washington, D.C. 20008 telephone: (202) 333-4507 Embassy of the Republic of KYRGRZSTAN 1511 K St., NW Suite 706 Washington, D.C. 20005 telephone: (202) 347-3732 Embassy of MOLDOVA 1511 K St., NW #333 Washington, D.C. 20005 telephone: (202) 783-3012 (main switchboard) (202) 783-4218 (visa information/Consular Section) fax: (202) 783-3342 Embassy of the RUSSIAN FEDERATIVE REPUBLIC 1125 16th St., NW Washington, D.C. 20036 telephone: (202) 939-8907/8911/8913/8918 Russia also has consulates in the following U.S. cities: -- 2790 Green St., San Francisco, CA 94123 -- 9 E. 91st St., New York, NY, 10021 -- 2001 6th Ave., 23rd Floor, Seattle, WA 98121 Embassy of the Republic of TURKMENISTAN 1511 K Street, NW Suite 412 Washington, D.C. 20005 telephone: (202) 737-4800 fax: (202) 737-1152 Embassy of UKRAINE 3350 M St., NW Washington, D.C. 20007 telephone: (202) 333-0606, 333-7507/08/09 fax: (202) 333-0817 Embassy of the Republic of UZBEKISTAN 1511 K St., NW Suites 619, 623 Washington, D.C. 20005 telephone: (202) 638-4267 Uzbekistan Consulate 866 United Nations Plaza Suite 326 New York, NY 10017 telephone: (212) 486-7570 PLANNING ANOTHER TRIP? For general travel information, the following pamphlets may be ordered from the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC 20402; telephone 202-512-1800. The price of each publication is $1, except where noted. Your Trip Abroad (price $1.25) A Safe Trip Abroad Tips for Americans Residing Abroad Country specific information can be found in the following publications: Tips for Travelers to the Caribbean Tips for Travelers to Sub-Saharan Africa Tips for Travelers to Central and South America Tips for Travelers to the People's Republic of China Tips for Travelers to Mexico Tips for Travelers to the Middle East and North Africa (price $1.25) Tips for Travelers to South Asia General visa information for these and other countries is available in Foreign Entry Requirements. You may order Foreign Entry Requirements for 50 cents from the Consumer Information Center, Pueblo, CO 81009. DEPARTMENT OF STATE PUBLICATION 10269 Bureau of Consular Affairs Revised May 1995 The information in this publication is in the public domain and may be reproduced without permission. When this material is reproduced, the Department of State would appreciate receiving a copy at: CA/P/PA, Room 6831, Department of State, Washington D.C. 20520-4818. (####) Safe trip tips title 4Q4QA SAFE TRIP ABROAD (Consular Affairs Topics) Forward Foreign travel can be a rich and rewarding experience and the odds are very much in your favor for an incident-free trip. The individual traveler's chances of having to face the trials and tribulations of losing valuables or coping with an unexpected illness or injury far from home are considerably greater, for instance, than of becoming involved a victim of violence. You can narrow the chances of becoming involved in an unpleasant incident or in a dangerous situation even further with an increased awareness of potential problems and careful planning. We hope the following suggestions will help. BEFORE YOU GO - Learn about the places you plan to visit. Familiarize yourself with local laws and customs in those areas. (Consult your library, a travel agent, airline, or the tourist bureaus of the specific countries you plan to visit.) Keep track as well of what is being reported in the media about any recent developments. - Don't take anything you would hate to lose. Leave at home all unnecessary credit cards, expensive jewelry or irreplaceable family objects. - Pack an extra set of eye glasses. Carry these and any medicines you need in your carry-on luggage. Take along a copy of the prescription for necessary medicines and the generic name of the drug. Keep medicines in their original labeled container to make customs processing easier. If any medications contain narcotics, carry with you a letter from your physician attesting to your need to take the drug in question. - Lock your luggage, and put your name and address inside each piece. - Make photocopies of your airline tickets, passport identification page, driver's license and the credit cards you take with you. Leave one set at home and keep another with you in a separate place from these valuables. Leave a copy of the serial numbers of your travelers checks at home; take another with you separate from the checks themselves and, as you cash in the checks, keep a tally of which ones remain unredeemed. - Leave a copy of your medical and dental records with your family or other contact person - Have your affairs at home in order: an up-to-date will, insurance documents and a power of attorney left with your family, so you can feel secure about traveling and are prepared for any emergency that may occur while you are away. Consider guardianship arrangements for your children. - Leave a copy of your itinerary with family or friends at home should they need to contact you in an emergency. - Find out from your credit card company what your credit limit is and be sure not to charge over that amount on your trip. Americans have been arrested in some countries for innocently exceeding their limit. - Find out whether your own insurance will cover you for loss or theft abroad and in case of accident or illness. If not, consider taking out additional insurance. PRECAUTIONS WHILE TRAVELING Normal common sense should prevail when traveling abroad, just as it would at home. Be especially cautious in, or avoid situations or areas where you are more likely to be victimized such as crowded subways, train stations, elevators, market places and festivals. Do not, for instance, get on an elevator alone if there is a suspicious-looking individual inside. You may wish to consider staying in larger hotels that have more elaborate security. Find out about local rules and obey them. American citizenship cannot protect you if you break the laws of the foreign country you are visiting. In addition to these common-sense suggestions, keep track of the news to be aware of any potential problems in areas where you may travel. Your own state of alertness and the precautions you take should increase as you travel in areas where the potential for violence or terrorism is greater. Before continuing on to such areas, inquire at the nearest U.S. embassy or consulate whether there are any adverse conditions of which you should be aware. Ask for the American Citizens Service Unit in the consular section. (For general information on travel advisories, see the concluding section of this publication.) In short, assess your situation and surroundings, and try to remain in that healthy gray area between complacency and paranoia. GUARDING YOUR VALUABLES - Carry travelers checks instead of cash. Change some checks for local currency before you leave or upon arrival. Don't flash large amounts of money when paying a bill. Only counter sign travelers checks in front of the person who will cash them, and be sure your credit card is returned to you after each transaction. - Make sure you receive a claim check for each piece of luggage you check. - Instead of keeping all your money, airline tickets, passport, and other valuables in your wallet, conceal them in several places to prevent easy theft. Keep them in your accompanying hand-luggage, on your person, or in a hotel safety deposit box. Do not leave them in your room while you are out. - Don't leave your bags unattended. (Traveling light will help.) - Women should carry handbags in a secure manner to prevent snatch-and-run type thievery and men should place their wallets in their inside jacket pockets. To guard against thieves on motorcycles, walk on the inside of sidewalks and carry your purse on the side away from the street. Wrapping rubber-bands around your wallet or keeping it in a zipped portion of a handbag makes it more difficult for a pickpocket to remove. - Be wary of con artists. They exist around the world. - Keep hotel and car keys on your person. - Be alert to the possibility of street gangs operating in large cities abroad. - If confronted by superior force, don't fight attackers: give up valuables. - If any of your possessions are lost or stolen, report the loss immediately to the police and other appropriate authorities. Keep a copy of the police report for insurance claims and as an explanation of your plight. Also report the loss of: - travelers checks to the nearest office of the issuing company or its agent. - airline tickets to the airline company or travel agent. - passport to the nearest U.S. embassy or consulate. PERSONAL SECURITY - Keep a low profile. Dress and behave conservatively, Avoiding flashy dress, jewelry, luggage, rental cars or conspicuous behavior which would draw attention to you as a potentially wealthy or important foreigner. - Be polite and low-key. Avoid loud conversations and arguments. - Avoid dangerous areas; don't use short cuts, narrow alleys or poorly-lit streets. Try not to travel alone at night. - Let someone know when you expect to return, especially if out late at night. - Don't give your room number to persons you don't know well. Meet visitors in the lobby. - Keep your hotel door locked at all times. - Remember when you are in a foreign country, you are subject to its laws and are not protected by the U.S. Constitution. Penalties for drug violations, including possession of small amounts of marijuana or cocaine, are severe in many foreign countries and rigorously enforced. - Deal only with authorized agents when you exchange money, buy airline tickets, or purchase souvenirs; don't make exchanges for local currency at black market rates. In many countries travelers should refrain from photographing police and military personnel and installations, border areas, and transportation facilities. Be wary about selling personal effects such as clothing or jewelry. The penalties you risk may be severe. - If possible, book a room between the second and seventh floors - above ground level to prevent easy entrance from outside and low enough for fire equipment to reach. - Read the fire safety instructions in your hotel room, know how to report a fire and make sure you know where the nearest fire exit and an alternate are. Count the doors between your room and the nearest exit - this could be a life-saver if you have to crawl through a smoke-filled corridor. - Make note of emergency telephone numbers you may need: police, fire, your hotel, the nearest U.S. embassy or consulate. Know how to use a pay telephone and have the proper change or token on hand. - Learn a few phrases in the local language so you can signal your need for help, the police, or a doctor. VEHICLE SECURITY - Drive the more common kinds of locally available cars; if there are not many American cars in use, don't insist on an American model. - Make sure the car is in good repair. - Keep car doors locked at all times. - Wear seatbelts. - Don't park your car on the street overnight if the hotel has a garage or secure area. If you must park it on the street, select a well-lit area. Don't leave valuables in the car. - Never pick up hitchhikers. - Don't get out of the car if there are suspicious individuals nearby. Drive away. PROTECTING YOURSELF AGAINST THE POSSIBILITY OF TERRORISM Terrorist acts occur in a random and unpredictable fashion which makes it impossible to protect oneself absolutely. The first and best way is to avoid travel to unsafe areas - areas where there have been a persistent record of terrorist attacks or kidnappings. The vast majority of foreign states have a good record of maintaining public order and protecting residents and visitors within their borders from terrorism. Most terrorist attacks are the result of long and careful planning. Just as a car-thief will first be attracted to an unlocked car with the key in the ignition, terrorists are looking for undefended, easily accessible targets who follow predictable patterns. The chances that a tourist, traveling with an unpublicized program or itinerary, would be the victim of terrorism are slight: the random possibility of being in the wrong place at the wrong time. In addition, many terrorist groups, seeking publicity for political causes within their own country or region, are not looking for American targets. Nevertheless, the pointers below may help you avoid becoming an American "target of opportunity". They should be considered as adjuncts to the tips listed in the previous section for ways to protect oneself against the far greater likelihood of falling prey to ordinary criminal activity. The following are additional reasonable precautions which may provide some degree of protection, and can serve as practical and psychological deterrents to would-be terrorists. -- Schedule direct flights if possible and avoid stops in high-risk airports or areas. Consider all of your options for traveling, such as trains. -- Be aware of what you discuss with strangers, or what may be overheard by others. -- Try to minimize the time spent in the public area of an airport, which is a less protectable area. Move quickly from the check-in counter to the secured areas. On arrival, leave the airport as soon as possible. -- Avoid luggage tags, dress, and behavior which may identify you as an American. While sweatshirts and T-shirts with American university logos are commonly worn throughout Europe, leave other obvious U.S. logos or apparel at home. -- Keep an eye out for suspicious abandoned packages or briefcases. Report them to airport security or other authorities and leave the area promptly. -- Avoid obvious terrorist targets and places where Americans and westerners are known to congregate. HIGH-RISK AREAS If you must travel in an area where there has been a history of terrorist attacks or kidnappings, also make it a habit to: - Discuss with your family what they would do in case of an emergency, in addition to making sure your affairs are in order before leaving home. - Register with the U.S. Embassy upon arrival. - Remain friendly, but be cautious about discussing personal matters, your itinerary or program. - Leave no personal or business papers in your hotel room. - Watch for people following you or "loiterers" observing your comings and goings. - Keep a mental note of safehavens, such as police stations, hotels, hospitals. - Let someone else know what your travel plans are. Keep them informed if you make any changes. - Avoid predictable times and routes of travel, and report any suspicious activity to local police, and the nearest U.S. embassy or consulate. - Select your own taxi cabs at random - don't take a cab which is not clearly identified as a taxi. Compare the the face of the driver with the one posted on his license. - If possible, travel with others. - Be sure of the identity of visitors before opening the door of your hotel room. Don't meet strangers at unknown or remote locations. - Refuse unexpected packages. - Formulate a plan of action for what you will do if a bomb explodes or there is gunfire nearby. - Check for loose wires or other suspicious activities pertaining to your car. - Be sure your vehicle is in good operating condition in case you need to resort to high-speed or evasive driving. - Drive with the windows closed in crowded streets; bombs can be thrown through open windows. - If you are ever in a situation where somebody starts shooting, drop to the floor or get down as low as possible and don't move until you are sure the danger has passed. Do not attempt to help rescuers and do not pick up a weapon. If possible shield yourself behind or under a solid object. If you must move, crawl on your stomach. HIJACKING/HOSTAGE SITUATION While every hostage situation is different and the chance of becoming a hostage is remote, some considerations are important. The U.S. Government's policy not to negotiate with terrorists is firm - doing so only increases the risk of further hostage-taking by terrorists. When Americans are abducted overseas, we look to the host government to exercise its responsibility under international law to protect all persons within its territories and to bring about the safe release of the hostages. We work closely with these governments from the outset of a hostage-taking incident to ensure that our citizens and other innocent victims are released as quickly and safely as possible. The most dangerous phases of most hijacking or hostage situations are the beginning and, if there is a rescue attempt, the end. At the outset, the terrorists typically are tense, high-strung and may behave irrationally. It is extremely important that you remain calm and alert and manage your own behavior. - Avoid resistance, sudden or threatening movements. Do not struggle or try to escape unless you are certain of being successful. - Make a concerted effort to relax. Breathe deeply and prepare yourself mentally, physically and emotionally for the possibility of a long ordeal. - Try to remain inconspicuous, avoid direct eye contact and the appearance of observing your captors' actions. - Avoid alcoholic beverages. Consume little food and drink. - Consciously put yourself in a mode of passive cooperation. Talk normally. Do not complain, avoid belligerency, and comply with all orders and instructions. - If questioned, keep your answers short. Don't volunteer information or make unnecessary overtures. - Don't try to be a hero, endangering yourself and others. - Maintain your sense of personal dignity, and gradually increase your requests for personal comforts. Make these requests in a reasonable low-key manner. - If you are involved in a lengthier, drawn-out situation, try to establish a rapport with your captors, avoiding political discussions or other confrontational subjects. - Establish a daily program of mental and physical activity Don't be afraid to ask for anything you need or want - medicines, books, pencils, papers. - Eat what they give you, even if it does not look or taste appetizing. A loss of appetite and weight is normal. - Think positively; avoid a sense of despair. Rely on your inner resources. Remember that you are a valuable commodity to your captors. It is important to them to keep you alive and well. TRAVEL ADVISORIES The Department of State tries to alert American travelers to adverse conditions abroad--including violence--through the travel advisory program. In consultation with our embassies and consulates overseas, and various bureaus of the Department of State, the Office of Overseas Citizens Services in the Bureau of Consular Affairs issues travel advisories about conditions in specific countries. Advisories generally do not pertain to isolated international terrorist incidents since these can occur anywhere and at any time. The majority of these advisories deal with short-term or temporary difficulties which Americans may encounter when they go abroad. Some mention conditions of political or civil unrest which could pose a threat to personal safety. These types of advisories may sometimes be short-term in nature, e.g. at the time of a military or political coup. Such advisories are either lifted or amended when the situation no longer poses a threat to travelers. There are only a few advisories in effect which advise avoiding all travel to a particular country because of a high incidence of terrorism within the region or because a long-term problem exists. Most of the security-related advisories do not recommend against travel to an entire country but suggest avoiding specific areas within a country where unrest is endemic. Ask about current travel advisories for specific countries at any of the 13 regional U.S. passport agencies and at U.S. embassies and consulates abroad. Travel advisories are also widely disseminated to interested organizations, travel associations, and airlines. Assistance Abroad U.S. consular officers are located at American embassies and consulates in most countries abroad. Consular officers can advise you of any adverse conditions in the places you are visiting and can help you in emergencies. If you plan more than a short stay in one place or if you are in an area experiencing civil unrest or some natural disaster, it is advisable to register with nearest U.S. embassy or consulate. This will make it easier should someone at home need to locate you urgently or in the unlikely event that you need to be evacuated due to an emergency. It will also facilitate the issuance of a new passport should yours be lost or stolen. Should you find yourself in any legal difficulty, contact a consular officer immediately. Consular officers cannot serve as attorneys or give legal advice but they can provide lists of local attorneys and help you find legal representation. Consular officers cannot get you out of jail. However, if you are arrested, ask permission to notify a consular official -- it is your right. American consular officials will visit you, advise you of your rights under local laws, ensure that you aren't held under inhumane conditions, and contact your family and friends for you if you desire. They can transfer money, and will try to get relief for you, including food and clothing in countries where this is a problem. If you become destitute overseas, consular officers can help you get in touch with your family, friends, bank, or employer and inform them how to wire funds to you. Additional Information The booklet, "Your Trip Abroad" contains some valuable information on loss and theft of a passport as well as other travel tips. To obtain a copy, write to the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402. The single copy purchase price is $1. Country Information Notices provide advice on travel to specific areas of the world. Notices include topics such as currency and customs regulations, entry requirements, dual nationality, import and export controls, vaccination requirements, and drug warnings. Copies of the following publications are available from the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC 20402 for $1.00 each. Printing Office, Washington, DC 20402 for $1.00 each. South Asia travel title 'Z'ZU.S. Department of State 95/06 Tips for Travelers to South Asia Bureau of Consular Affairs Tips for Travelers to South Asia Table of Contents General Information Consular Information Program Weather Health Visa and Other Entry Requirements Currency and Customs Regulations Shopping for Antiques U.S. Wildlife Regulations Country Information Afganistan Bangladesh Bhutan India Maldives Nepal Pakistan Sri Lanka Foreign Embassies in the United States U.S. Embassies and Consulates Abroad Planning Another Trip? DEPARTMENT OF STATE PUBLICATION 10266 Bureau of Consular Affairs Revised June 1995 The information in this publication is in the public domain and may be reproduced without permission. When this material is reproduced, the Department of State would appreciate receiving a copy at: CA/P/PA, Department of State, Washington, DC 20520-4818. Tips for Travelers to South Asia Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan, and Sri Lanka General Information Your trip to South Asia can be a rich and rewarding experience. There are ancient cultures and artistic traditions to appreciate and a wealth of natural wonders to see -- all co-existing with modern societies. However, the customs and local conditions can be as distant from home as the miles, and travelers should plan their trips carefully. Consular Information Program For travel information on any country, see the Department of State's Consular Information Sheet for the country. Consular Information Sheets cover such matters as health conditions, unusual currency and entry regulations, crime and security conditions, drug penalties, and areas of instability. In addition, the State Department issues Travel Warnings when we recommend Americans defer travel to a country because of unsafe conditions. Regulations may also prohibit the use of U.S. passports to visit certain countries. This prohibition will be included in the Travel Warnings issued for affected countries. Travel Warnings are under continuous review by the Department of State. Before you depart for a country that has a Travel Warning, make certain that you have the most recent revision of the Warning. The Department of State also issues Public Announcements. Public Announcements are issued as a means to disseminate information quickly about terrorist threats and other relatively short-term and/or trans-national conditions which would pose significant risks to the security of American travelers. There are several ways to access Consular Information Sheets, Travel Warnings and Public Announcements. You can listen to them 24-hours a day by calling 202-647-5225 from a touchtone phone. You can receive copies of them by sending a self-addressed, stamped envelope to Overseas Citizens Services, Room 4800, Department of State, Washington, DC 20520-4818. (Write the name of the requested country or countries on the outside of the envelope.) You can also find Consular Information Sheets and Travel Warnings at the 13 regional passport agencies and at U.S. embassies and consulates abroad. They can also be accessed through an airline or travel agent's computer reservation system, the Bureau of Consular Affairs' 24- hour automated fax system at 202/647-3000, or through many computer bulletin boards, including the Consular Affairs Bulletin Board (CABB). You may call the CABB on modem number 202-647- 9225. Set your communications software to: no parity, 8 bits, one stop bit (N-8-1). Travelers to areas where conditions are unsettled or communication is poor are encouraged to register at the nearest U.S. embassy or consulate (see list at end of book). All travelers are encouraged to leave a detailed itinerary and their passport numbers at home in case of an emergency. Weather If you have a choice, winter is the best time to visit most areas of South Asia. South of the Himalayas, South Asian weather is warm to very hot. Hot, humid regions like Bangladesh and central, eastern, and southern India are somewhat more comfortable in December through February. Hot, dry regions like Pakistan and northern India have pleasant weather from October to March, with the winter months cool enough for light woolens. The worst weather in the dry regions, when heat and dust can make sight-seeing or other outdoor activity a chore, is during the pre-monsoon period from approximately April through mid- July. Health In the United States, local health departments, the Centers for Disease Control & Prevention (CDC), private doctors, and travel clinics can provide information on health precautions for travelers to South Asia. Depending on your destination, immunization is recommended against cholera, diphtheria/tetanus, hepatitis, Japanese B encephalitis, meningitis, polio, and typhoid. Drug prophylaxis against malaria may also be necessary. General guidance may also be found in the booklet, Health Information for International Travel, which is available for $7 from the U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC 20402, or from local, or state health departments. The CDC has an international travelers hotline that can be reached at 404-332-4559. Travelers should be careful to drink only boiled water (bottled water is not always safe) or bottled drinks, to avoid ice cubes in beverages and unpeeled fruits and vegetables, to take precautions against mosquitoes, and to guard against overexertion at high altitudes. Trekkers and mountain climbers, in particular, should take precautions to avoid frostbite, hypothermia, and altitude sickness. The latter two can be fatal if not detected in time. Modern health facilities are not always available, particularly in rural areas. Prospective travelers should review their health insurance policies to see if they provide coverage while overseas, including medical evacuation service. Visas and Other Entry Requirements A U.S. passport is required for travel to all countries in the region. Most South Asian countries also require entry visas. Travel to certain areas of many South Asian countries is restricted and special permits may be required for these areas in addition to the entry visa. Prospective travelers should contact the embassy or consulate of the country they plan to visit for specific information (see list of foreign embassies at end of book). All South Asian countries require travelers who have been in yellow- fever infected areas within the last six days to show valid yellow-fever immunization certificates. Yellow fever is found in some African and some Latin American countries. If you plan to travel from Africa or Latin America directly to South Asia, check with the embassy of the South Asian country where you are going to see if a yellow-fever certificate is required. If the certificate is required and you do not have it, you will be refused entry unless you are inoculated and kept in quarantine for up to six days. Currency and Customs Regulations Most South Asian countries require that foreign currency and valuables be declared upon entry as a means of enforcing restrictions on the importation of items such as gold, electronic equipment, firearms, and prescription drugs. Failure to make an accurate declaration or other violations of these restrictions can lead to high fines and/or imprisonment. Shopping for Antiques Most South Asian countries have strict regulations against the unlicensed export of antiquities. Items that are antique, or even appear to be, may be confiscated by customs officials unless the traveler has proof of authorization from the appropriate government office to export the antique, or proof that the item is not an antique. U.S. Wildlife Regulations The United States prohibits importation of Asian ivory because Asian elephants are an endangered species. Most lizardskin and many snakeskin products cannot be brought into the United States. The penalty for importing products derived from endangered species is seizure of the product and a substantial fine. Country Information Afghanistan The Department of State warns all U.S. citizens against travel to Afghanistan. Afghanistan is a developing, Islamic country presently in the midst of a civil war. Fighting and indiscriminate rocket attacks, aerial bombardments, and other violence can occur without warning. Land mines are prevalent throughout the countryside. All U.S. personnel at the U.S. Embassy in Kabul were evacuated on January 31, 1989, and no other diplomatic mission represents U.S. interest or provides consular services. The nearest U.S. Embassy is in Islamabad, Pakistan. Because of safety and security concerns arising from the civil war in Afghanistan, all U.S. airlines and aircraft operators are prohibited by the Federal Aviation Administration from overflying Afghanistan. Bangladesh No visa is required for a tourist stay of up to two weeks if you have an onward ticket; all business travelers must have visas, however. Bangladesh is an Islamic country, and visitors should dress modestly -- shorts are considered inappropriate. Crime is a serious problem in Dhaka. Foreigners have not been especially targeted, but are often the victims of crime. Travelers should also be wary of and give a wide berth to politically-based street agitation, protests, and general strikes. These can flare into random violence without warning and result in attacks on nearby persons and property. Travelers should pay special attention to preventive health measures because medical facilities, especially in rural areas, are not always available. River ferries are necessary for travel throughout much of Bangladesh, but travelers should exercise caution when using them. Accidents frequently occur from overcrowding and from hazardous navigation during poor weather. Trekkers may not go to the Chittagong Hill Tracts, which are off-limits to foreigners. Kingdom of Bhutan While Bhutan and the United States do not have formal diplomatic relations, informal contact is maintained through the U.S. Embassy in New Delhi, India. Restrictions on tourism to Bhutan have been relaxed recently. Tourists are no longer limited to traveling in organized groups; however independent travelers must book through a travel agency. Visas must be requested in advance and are stamped on arrival in Bhutan. Entry must be via Bangladesh, India or Nepal. The border with China is closed. For information, contact Bhutan Travel Inc., 120 East 56th Street, Suite 1130, New York, NY 10022 (tel. 212-838-6382). India India is the South Asian country most frequently visited by U.S. citizens. Visas must be obtained before arrival. Persons arriving without visas must leave on the next plane. If you plan to travel from India to Nepal or another country and return to India, be sure to request a multiple entry visa. Tourist visas are issued for a maximum of 90 days. Once in India, visitors who wish to extend their stay must apply to a Foreigners Regional Registration Office. Extensions, if granted, may not bring the total visit to more than six months. Customs regulations prohibiting the importation of gold or Indian currency, and regulating importation of electronics, foreign currency, and firearms are strictly enforced. Offenders of these regulations may be jailed, fined and/or charged duty at rates exceeding 300 percent of the item's value. Laws against drug smuggling carry heavy penalties, including a ten-year prison term. Political or communal and inter-caste violence occurs intermittently in many parts of the country. Major civil disturbances can pose risks to a traveler's personal safety and can disrupt transportation systems and city services. In response to communal violence, Indian authorities may occasionally impose curfews. Foreigners have rarely been the targets of communal or political violence in India, and are principally at risk of becoming inadvertent victims only if they stray into demonstrations. Whether dangerous or not, many areas of India have been declared off- limits to foreigners by the Indian authorities. Permits are required for: Mizoram, Manipur, Nagaland, Meghalaya, Assam, Tripura, Arunachal Pradesh, Sikkim, parts of Kulu District and Spiti District of Himachal Pradesh, border areas of Jammu and Kashmir, certain areas of Uttar Pradesh, the area west of National Highway No. 5 running from Ganganagar to Sanchar in Rajasthan, the Andaman and Nicobar Islands and the Union Territory of the Laccadive Islands. Persons of Indian origin can usually obtain permits to visit relatives in restricted areas. Other visitors may have to wait a long time for a permit or be unable to obtain one. Consult the latest Department of State Consular Information Sheet on which areas are restricted. Once in India, consult the U.S. Embassy or the nearest U.S. consulate for information on restricted areas and advice on obtaining permits to visit them. None of the popular tourist sites in India are in restricted areas. Republic of Maldives The islands of the Maldives have long been popular vacation sites. Diplomatic relations are maintained and consular services are provided through the U.S. Embassy in Colombo, Sri Lanka. In emergencies, there is a U.S. consular agent on the capital island of Male (for address, ask at a resort or hotel) who can help travelers communicate with the U.S. Embassy in Colombo. A no-fee visa for a tourist visit of up to 30 days is issued upon arrival at the airport. Foreign currency may be taken in or out of the Maldives without restriction. Pork foodstuffs and alcohol may not be imported. Nepal Nepal is a popular adventure tourism destination; over 20,000 Americans visit Nepal each year. A tourist visa valid for up to 60 days is issued at ports of entry upon arrival. Visas can be routinely extended in Kathmandu and Pokhara for stays of up to four months; a fifth month requires special approval. Penalties for overstaying a visa may include fines and imprisonment. Nepalese customs laws, particularly those forbidding smuggling of drugs, gold, and foreign currency, are strictly enforced. The penalty for smuggling is a stiff fine and/or a prison sentence. Travelers should take adequate funds in the form of travelers checks. It is difficult to obtain additional funds through bank transfers and, except at major Kathmandu hotels, credit cards are rarely accepted. Trekking is very popular in Nepal. Tourists are cautioned to obtain a trekking permit from the Central Immigration Office, to avoid trekking alone, to be alert for signs of altitude sickness, and to obtain a meningococcal meningitis vaccination if trekking outside the Kathmandu Valley. Those wishing to climb the high peaks should write for permission to the Ministry of Tourism to the attention of the mountaineering division, well in advance of planned expeditions. Travelers should note that there are no forms of international communication in rural areas. In the event of an emergency, the U.S. Embassy may assist Americans in contacting family or friends. Americans planning to travel from Nepal to Tibet should be aware that Chinese authorities strictly regulate such trips. Additional information is contained in the Consular Information Sheet on China and in Tips for Travelers to the People's Republic of China. Travelers can also contact the U.S. Embassy in Kathmandu for current information on the status of the border crossing points. Pakistan In March 1995, a shuttle carrying employees of the U.S. Consulate General in Karachi was attacked by unknown assailants. Two American employees were killed. At the time of publication, the State Department had no knowledge of any specific credible threats to U.S. citizens. However, all travelers are urged to exercise prudent security precautions. Sectarian and factional violence has increased in Pakistan. Karachi remains the center of politically-motivated killings. During the Islamic religious observances of Ramadan and Moharram (the exact date for each holiday varies each year), sectarian rivalry and violence often increase. A visa must be obtained before arrival; travelers should specifically request multiple-entry visas, and must obtain an exit permit if they stay more than 30 days. Pakistan is an Islamic country, and visitors must respect Islamic standards of behavior. Travelers (especially women) should dress modestly, i.e., wear clothes with high necks and long sleeves and not wear shorts. Woman are advised not to travel alone in rural areas. The import, manufacture, and consumption of alcohol or drugs are strictly forbidden. Major hotels have special rooms where non-Islamic foreigners may buy and drink alcoholic beverages. In March 1994, legislation was passed which made drug trafficking punishable by death. A special permit is required for travel to the tribal areas bordering Afghanistan, including the Khyber Pass, and to Azad Kashmir. Persons traveling to restricted areas without a permit are subject to arrest. Onward overland travel to India is difficult because of border crossing restrictions (see Consular Information Sheet for India). Major cities in Pakistan are safe for tourists, but travel to remote rural areas, especially in Balochistan, Sindh and the Northwest Frontier Province is not recommended. Security conditions vary; some areas are only considered safe for daytime travel in groups. Because the security situation can change with little warning, visitors should check at the U.S. Embassy in Islamabad or the nearest U.S. consulate for up-to-date travel information. Sri Lanka The insurgency of Tamil separatists against the government in Sri Lanka (formerly Ceylon) has caused tension and violence within the country. For this reason, the Sri Lankan defense regulations restrict travel to much of the island's northern areas. Areas such as Wilpattu and Galoya National Parks are considered especially unsafe. There have been isolated incidents of violence in other parts of Sri Lanka, including Colombo. Because public transportation has often been targeted by terrorists, travel on trains and public buses should be avoided. Travel to the major tourist sites in the southern and western parts of the island has usually been safe. However, security conditions throughout the country can change quickly, and travelers should get current information from the latest travel advisory or from the U.S. Embassy in Colombo. No visa is required for a tourist stay of up to 90 days. Medical facilities in Sri Lanka are limited. Malaria is prevalent in many areas outside of Colombo. Foreign Embassies in the United States Embassy of Afghanistan 2341 Wyoming Ave., N.W. Washington, DC 20008 (202) 234-3770 Embassy of Bangladesh 2201 Wisconsin Ave., N.W. Washington, DC 20007 (202) 342-8373 Bhutan Mission to the United Nations New York, NY 10017 (212) 826-1919 Embassy of India 2536 Massachusetts Ave., N.W. Washington, DC 20008 (202) 939-9839 Republic of Maldives Mission to the United Nations 820 Second Avenue, Suite 800C New York, NY 10017 (212) 599-6195 Embassy of Nepal 2131 Leroy Place, N.W. Washington, DC 20008 (202) 657-4550 Embassy of Pakistan 2315 Massachusetts Ave., N.W. Washington, DC 20008 (202) 939-6200 Embassy of Sri Lanka 2148 Wyoming Ave., N.W. Washington, DC 20008 (202) 483-4025 U.S. Embassies and Consulates Abroad Note: Workweek is Monday-Friday except where noted. AFGHANISTAN: (see Pakistan) BANGLADESH (workweek: Sunday-Thursday) American Embassy Diplomatic Enclave Madani Ave., Baridhara GPO Box 323, Dhaka 1212 Dhaka, Bangladesh Tel: (880-2) 884700-22 Fax: (880-2) 883-744 INDIA U.S. Embassy Shanti Path Chanakyapuri 110021 New Delhi, India Tel: (91-11) 600651 Fax: (91-11) 687-2028 American Consulate General Lincoln House 78 Bhulabhai Desai Rd. 400026 Bombay, India Tel: (91-22) 363-3611 Fax: (91-22) 363-0350 American Consulate General 5/1 Ho Chi Minh Sarani 700071 Calcutta, India Tel: (91-33) 242-3611 thru 15 Fax: (91-33) 242-2335 American Consulate General Mount Rd., 600006 Madras, India Tel: (91-44) 826-3040 or 827-7542 Fax: (91-44) 826-3407 MALDIVES (See Sri Lanka) NEPAL American Embassy Pani Pokhari Kathmandu, Nepal Tel: (977-1) 411179, 412718, 410531 or 413836 Fax: (977-1) 419963 PAKISTAN (workweek: Sunday-Thursday) American Embassy Diplomatic Enclave Ramna 5 Islamabad, Pakistan Tel: (92-51) 826-161 thru 79 Fax: (92-51) 214-222 American Consulate General 8 Abdullah Haroon Rd. Karachi, Pakistan Tel: (92-21) 568-5170 (afterhours 568-1606) Fax: (92-21) 568-3089 American Consulate General 50 Sharah-E-Bib Badees (50 Empress Rd.) Simal Hills Lahore K Lahore, Pakistan Tel: (92-42) 636-5530 thru 39 Fax: (92-42) 636-5177 American Consulate 11 Hospital Road Peshawar Cantonment Peshawar, Pakistan Tel: (92-521) 279-801 or 803 Fax: (92-521) 276-712 SRI LANKA American Embassy 210 Galle Rd. (P.O. Box 106) Colombo 3 Colombo, Sri Lanka Tel: (94-1) 448007 Fax: (94-1) 437345 Planning Another Trip? *For general travel information, the following publications may be ordered for $1 each from the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC 20402; tel: 202-512-1800. Your Trip Abroad ($1.25) A Safe Trip Abroad Tips for Americans Residing Abroad Travel Tips for Older Americans *Copies of the following publications in this series are also available for $1 each from the U.S. Government Printing Office: Tips for Travelers to the Caribbean Tips for Travelers to Central and South America Tips for Travelers to the People's Republic of China Tips for Travelers to Mexico Tips for Travelers to the Middle East and North Africa ($1.50) Tips for Travelers to Russia and the Newly Independent States Tips for Travelers to Sub-Saharan Africa ($1.50) General visa information for these and other countries is available in Foreign Entry Requirements. Information on how, when and where to apply for your U.S passport is available in Passports: Applying for Them the Easy Way. Both publications may be ordered for 50 cents each from the Consumer Information Center, Pueblo, Colorado 81009. *Prices and availability are subject to change without notice. Please check with the Government Printing Office for more information. (###) South/Central America travel title lTips for Travelers to Central and South America (Consular Affairs Topics) Argentina, Belize, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, El Salvador, French Guiana, Guatemala, Guyana, Honduras, Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Suriname, Uruguay, Venezuela Travelers to Central and South America are usually welcomed with courtesy and warmth. There is great diversity in the region - you can visit some of the largest cities in the world as well as some of the most unspoiled primitive environments. You can have a wonderful trip; however, there are some precautions to take. [Please note that travel to Mexico and the Caribbean is covered in separate publications. See the last page of this pamphlet.] Travel Advisories The Department of State issues travel advisories concerning serious health or security conditions that may affect U.S. citizens. Current advisories are available at the 13 regional passport agencies in the United States and from the Citizens Emergency Center, Room 4811, Department of State, Washington, D.C. 20520, (202-647-5225). Advisories are also available at U.S. embassies and consulates abroad. At time of publication, travel advisories are in effect for Columbia, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua, Panama, Peru, and Suriname. Some of the dangers covered in these advisories are guerrilla or terrorist activity, banditry, and areas under control of narcotics producers. If you plan travel to one of these countries, check with the Emergency Center or the nearest passport agency to see if a travel advisory is still in effect. As you travel, keep abreast of local news coverage. If you plan more than a short stay in one place, if you plan travel to an area where communications are poor, or if you are in an area experiencing civil unrest or some natural disaster, you are encouraged to register with the nearest U.S. embassy or consulate. Registration takes only a few moments, and it may be invaluable in case of an emergency. Remember to leave a detailed itinerary and your passport number with a friend or relative in the United States. Getting In and Out All Central and South American countries except Guatemala require U.S. citizens to have a valid U.S. passport. (Guatemala requires proof of U.S. citizenship such as a birth certificate or passport.) Visa requirements for U.S. citizens vary from country to country: some countries do not require a visa for a tourist stay of 90 days or less; some only require that a tourist card be obtained at an airline office or at the destination airport; other countries require you to obtain a visa in advance from their embassy or consulate. Some countries have additional entry requirements such as proof of sufficient funds or proof of onward or return tickets. In addition, all South American countries and most Central American countries require a departure tax. If you are departing to a neighboring country, the tax may be small, but, if you are returning to the U.S., the tax could be as high as $20 per person, regardless of age. Be sure to have enough money at the end of your trip to be able to get on the plane! For authoritative information on a country's entry and exit requirements, contact its embassy or consulate (see list of foreign missions at the end of pamphlet). When you make your inquires, ask about: o where to obtain a tourist card or visa; o visa price, length of validity, and number of entries; o financial requirements--proof of sufficient funds, proof of onward or return ticket; o special requirements for children traveling alone or with only one parent (see below); o yellow fever immunization or other health requirements; o currency regulations--how much local or dollar currency can be brought in or out; o export/import restrictions; and o departure tax--how much and who must pay. Restrictions on Minors Many countries impose restrictions on minor children who travel alone, with only one parent, or with someone who is not their parent. A child must present written authorization for travel from the absent parent, parents, or legal guardian. If the parent or guardian traveling with the child is the sole custodian, the court order granting custody may, in some cases, serve as the authorization document. If any of this applies to you, inquire about the following at the embassy or consulate of the country your child plans to visit: o the age of majority at which the restriction no longer applies (e.g., age 15 in Argentina, age 18 in Brazil); o the type of document that can overcome the restriction (e.g., court order, statement of absent parent or parents); o whether notarizing the document is sufficient or if it must also be authenticated by the country's embassy or consulate; o whether the document must be translated. Note: in Brazil, a child may travel with its father without the mother's authorization, but, if traveling alone or with its mother, must have notarized authorization from its father. In Brazil, a woman may authorize a child's travel only when she is the sole legal parent or guardian. Bringing a Car If you plan to drive to Central or South America, contact the embassy or consulate of each country you plan to visit to learn what is required for entry and exit by private car. Besides title and ownership, at most borders you will need to show insurance coverage effective for the country you are entering. If your U.S. insurance does not cover you abroad, you can usually purchase insurance when you enter a country. In some countries, if you are involved in an accident that causes injury, you will automatically be taken into police custody until it can be determined who is liable and whether you have the insurance or financial ability to pay any judgment. There may also be criminal liability assigned if the injuries or damages are serious. If you are a visitor, you will not ordinarily have to pay import duty on your car, but you may have to post a bond or otherwise satisfy customs officials that you will not sell or dispose of the vehicle in the country. To enter some countries, you must have your car documented at the embassy or consulate of the country before you leave home. Before you get behind the wheel, be sure you are in compliance with the automobile import regulations of your destination countries. U.S. Wildlife Regulations Endangered species and products made from them may not be brought into the United States. The penalty is confiscation and a possible fine. These items are prohibited from import: virtually all birds originating in Brazil, Ecuador, Paraguay, and Venezuela; furs from spotted cats; most lizardskin products from Brazil and Paraguay; many snakeskin products from Brazil, Ecuador, and Paraguay; skins from the Orinoco crocodile; and all sea turtle products. Shopping for Antiquities Most countries in Central and South America control the export of objects from their pre-Columbian and colonial heritage. Some countries claim ownership of all such material and consider the export of antiques, without the permission of the government, to be an act of theft. In addition, under U.S. law, importers of all pre-Columbian monumental and architectrual sculpture, murals, and certain archaeological and ethnological materials are required to provide proof to the U.S. Customs Service that these artifacts are legally exported from the country of origin. Beware of purchasing artifacts unless they are accompanied by an export permit issued by the government of origin. Health Information on health precautions for travelers can be obtained from local health departments, the U.S. Public Health Service, private doctors, or travel clinics. General guidance can also be found in the U.S. Public Health Service book, Health Information for International Travel, available for $4.75 from the U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402. Depending on your destination, immunization may be recommended against diphtheria, tetanus, hepatitis, polio, rabies, typhoid, and yellow fever. Malaria is found in rural areas of every country in the region except Chile and Uruguay. Malaria prophylaxis and mosquito avoidance measures are recommended. If possible, avoid contact with mosquitoes from dusk to dawn by wearing long clothing, using insect repellent on exposed skin, using a flying insect spray in living and sleeping quarters, and using a bed net. Prophylaxis should begin 2 weeks before going to an area where malaria is endemic and should continue for at least 4 weeks after leaving. Chloroquine is the malaria prophylaxis most easily tolerated by humans. However, malaria resistant to chloroquine has been reported in an area beginning east of the Panama Canal and extending through northern South America as far south as the Amazon Basin. If you plan to visit this area, consult a medical expert to work out an additional prophylaxis. Malaria may at times, however, break through any drug or drug combination. If you develop chills, fever, and headaches while taking a malaria prophylaxis, seek medical attention promptly. Early treatment of malaria can be effective, but delaying therapy could have serious consequences. Mosquito avoidance measures, if used day and night, may also help prevent other less prevalent insect-borne diseases found in parts of Central and South America such as Chagas' disease, dengue fever, leishmaniasis, and yellow fever. Throughout most of Central and South America, fruits and vegetables should be washed with care and meats and fish thoroughly cooked. Problems of food contamination are less prevalent in Argentina, Chile, and Uruguay, and tapwater is potable in those countries. Elsewhere water is generally not potable and should be boiled or chemically treated. Diarrhea caused by contaminated food or water is potentially serious. If it persists, seek medical attention. Certain beaches in the region, including some at Lima and at Rio de Janeiro, are dangerously polluted. Avoid swimming at beaches that might be contaminated with human sewage or dog feces. Avoid swimming in fresh water in the areas where schistosomiasis is found: Brazil, Suriname, and north-central Venezuela. Visitors in the Andes may experience symptoms of altitude sickness such as insomnia, headache, and nausea. If you become sick, wait until your symptoms disappear before you attempt to go higher. Mountaineers should learn about the symptoms of high altitude pulmonary edema, a condition that is fatal unless remedied by immediate descent. Another hazard of high altitudes is sunburn. Exposure to ultraviolet radiation increases not only as you approach the equator, but also as you ascend in altitude. Sunscreens may help prevent this. Safety Tips - Crime Like many large cities throughout the world, major cities in Central and South American experience assaults, robberies, and thefts. Visitors should take common sense precautions: o Safety begins when you pack. Leave expensive jewelry behind. Dress conservatively; a flashy wardrobe or one that is too casual can mark you as a tourist. Use travelers checks, not cash. Leave photocopies of your passport personal information page and of your airline tickets with someone at home and carry an extra set with you. o In a car, keep doors locked, windows rolled up, and valuables out of sight. A common trick is for a thief to reach through a car window and grab a watch from a person's wrist or a purse or package from the seat while you are driving slowly or stopped in traffic. o When you leave your car, try to find a guarded parking lot, lock the car, and keep valuables out of sight. o When walking, avoid marginal areas of cities, dark alleys, and crowds. Avoid being stopped or approached on the street by strangers, including street vendors and beggars. Be aware that women and small children as well as men can be pickpockets or purse snatchers. Keep your billfold in an inner front pocket, keep your hand on your purse, and wear the shoulderstap of your camera or bag across your chest. To guard against thieves on motorcycles, walk away from the curb, carrying your purse away from the street. o Do not travel alone when you can avoid it. If you visit an isolated area, go with a group or a reputable guide. o Avoid travel at night. o Do not take valuables to the beach. Any U.S. citizen who is criminally assaulted should report the incident to the local police and to the nearest U.S. embassy or consulate. Safety Tips - Civil Unrest Several countries in Central and South America have areas of instability or war zones that are off-limits to visitors without special permits. Others have simlar areas that are open but surrounded by security check points where travelers must show their passport or tourist card. Always carry your papers with you, and do not overstay the validity of your visa or tourist card. Avoid public demonstrations. American citizens have been arrested when local authorities have thought they were participating in civil demonstrations. Drug Offenses Most Central and South American countries strictly enforce laws against the use, possession, and sale of narcotics. Foreigners arrested for possession of even small amounts of narcotics are not deported, but are charged and tried as international traffickers. There is no bail, judicial delays are lengthy, and you can spend two to four years in prison awaiting trial and sentencing. If you carry prescription drugs, keep them in their original container clearly labeled with the doctor's name, pharmacy, and contents. In addition, check with the embassy of the country you plan to visit for specific customs requirements for prescription drugs. Photography Be cautious when taking pictures. Frequently local authorities consider all airports, police stations, military locations, oil installations, harbors, mines, and bridges to be security-related. Photography of demonstrations or civil disturbances is also usually prohibited. Tourists have had their film confiscated and have been detained, so, when in doubt, ask. Adopting a Child Abroad Because of continuing scandals over the illegal activities of some adoption agencies and attorneys both in the United States and abroad, U.S. citizens have recently experienced difficulties when attempting to adopt children from Central or South America. Several countries in the region have either outlawed adoptions by foreigners or have passed a law requiring formal court adoption of the child in the country before the child is permitted to immigrate to the United States. Although this has resulted in adoptions less likely to be challenged from a legal standpoint, it has made the process more difficult and time- consuming. Any U.S. citizen interested in adopting a child from a country in Central or South America is encouraged to contact either the U.S. embassy in the country, or, in the United States, the Department of State's Office of Citizen Consular Services, Inter-American Division (telephone 202-647-3712) to obtain information on the adoption process in that country. Dual Nationality Some countries in Central and South America do not recognize acquisition of U.S. citizenship unless the naturalized U.S. citizen renounces his or her original nationality at an embassy or consulate of the country of origin. A person born in the United States of a parent or parents who were citizens of another country may also be considered by that country to be their national. If arrested, a dual national may be denied the right to communicate with the U.S. embassy or consulate. Another consequence could be having to serve in the military of one's former country. If you are a naturalized U.S. citizen, a dual national, or have any reason to believe another country may consider you its national, check with the embassy of that country as to your citizenship status and any obligations you may have while visiting. Dual nationals who have not researched their citizenship status before traveling have sometimes, to their surprise, encountered difficulties, such as not being allowed to depart or being drafted for military service. Even countries that recognize acquired U.S. citizenship may consider their former citizens as having resumed original citizenship if they take up residence in their country of origin. This can happen even if the embassy of the country stamps a visa in the U.S. passport of its former citizen. Dual nationals should also be aware that they may be required to use a passport from their country of origin in order to enter or leave that country. The U.S. government does not object to the use of a foreign passport in such situations. U.S. citizens may not, however, use a foreign passport to enter or leave the United States. If you have any questions about dual nationality, contact the Office of Citizens Consular Services, Room 4817, Department of State, Washington, D.C. 20520 (202-647-3712). Additional Information for Certain Countries Belize Belize enforces a strict policy of refusing admittance to persons who an immigration officer suspects of drug use. Brazil Obtain your visa in advance. Brazilian immigration authorities do not hestitate to require a traveler without a visa to leave on the next available flight. Street crime can be a major problem in large cities in Brazil. Guard against it--see "Safety Tips" on page . In Sao Paulo, if you encounter difficulties or need emergency assistance, dial 1-0, radio police patrol, from any public telephone--no coin or token is needed for the call. Chile Anyone considering scientific, technical, or mountaineering expeditions to regions in Chile classified as frontier areas or to Antarctica must apply for authorization to a Chilean embassy or consulate a minimum of 90 days prior to the beginning of the expedition. The application will be forwarded to the Chilean government for decision. Chilean authorities reserve the right to request Chilean participation in foreign expeditions, and require the submission of a post-expedition report on the activities undertaken and the results obtained. Foreign Embassies in the United States Embassy of Argentina 1600 New Hampshire Avenue, NW Washington, DC 20008 (202) 939-6400 Embassy of Belize Suite 2J 3400 International Drive, NW Washington, DC 20008 (202) 363-4505 Embassy of Boliva 3014 Massachusetts Avenue, NW Washington, DC 20008 (202) 483-4410 Embassy of Brazil 3006 Massachusetts Avenue, NW Washington, DC 20008 (202) 745-2700 Embassy of Chile 1732 Massachusetts Avenue, NW Washington, DC 20036 (202) 785-1746 Embassy of Colombia 2118 Leroy Place, NW Washington, DC 20008 (202) 387-8338 Embassy of Costa Rica Suite 211 1825 Connecticut Avenue, NW Washington, DC 20009 (202) 234-2945 Embassy of Ecuador 2535 15th Street, NW Washington, DC 20009 (202) 234-7200 Embassy of El Salvador 2308 California Street, NW Washington, DC 20008 (202) 265-3480 French Guiana: Embassy of France 4101 Reservoir Road, NW Washington, DC 20007 (202) 944-6000 Embassy of Guatemala 2220 R Street, NW Washington, DC 20008 (202) 745- 4952 Embassy of Guyana 2490 Tracy Place, NW Washington, DC 20008 (202) 265- 6900 Embassy of Honduras Suite 100 4301 Connecticut Avenue, NW Washington, DC 20008 (202) 966-7700 Embassy of Nicaragua 1627 New Hampshire Avenue, NW Washington, DC 20009 (202) 387-4371 Embassy of Panama 2862 McGill Terrace, NW Washington, DC 20008 (202) 483-1407 Embassy of Paraguay 2400 Massachusetts Aveneu, NW Washington, DC 20008 (202) 483-6960 Embassy of Peru 1700 Massachusetts Avenue, NW Washington, DC 20036 (202) 833-9860 Embassy of Suriname Suite 108 4301 Connecticut Avenue, NW Washington, DC 20008 (202) 244-7488 Embassy of Uruguay 1918 F Street, NW Washington, DC 20006 (202) 331- 1313 Embassy of Venezuela 2445 Massachusetts Avenue, NW Washington, DC 20008 (202) 797-3800 U.S. Embassies and Consulates Abroad Note: APO and FPO addresses may only be used for mail originating in the United States. When you use an APO or FPO address, do not include the local street address. ARGENTINA American Embassy 4300 Colombia, 1425 Buenos Aires Tel: (54)(1) 774-7611 Telex: 18156 USICA AR Mailing address: American Embassy Buenos Aires APO Miami 34034 BELIZE American Embassy Gabourel Lane and Hutson Street Belize City Tel: (501) 776161 Telex: 213 AMEMBASSY BZ BOLIVIA American Embassy Banco Popular Del Peru Bldg. Corner of Calles Mercado and Colon La Paz Tel: (591)(2) 350251 Telex: AMEMB BV 3268 Mailing address: American Embassy La Paz APO Miami 34032 BRAZIL American Embassy Avenida das Nocoes, Lote 3 Brasilia Tel: (55)(6) 321-7272 Telex: 061-1091 Mailing address: American Embassy Brasilia APO Miami 34030 American Consulate General Avenida Presidente Wilson 147 Rio de Janeiro Tel: (55)(21) 292-7117 Telex: AMCONSUL 21-22831 Mailing address: American Consulate General Rio de Janeiro APO Miami 34030 American Consulate General Rua Padre Joao Manoel, 933 Sao Paulo Tel: (55)(11) 881-6511 Telex: 11-31574 Mailing address: American Consulate General Sao Paulo APO Miami 34030 American Consulate Rua Coronel Genuino, 421 (9th Fl.) Porto Alegre Tel: (55)(512) 26-4288 Telex: 051-2292 CGEU BR Mailing address: American Consulate Porto Alegre APO Miami 34030 American Consulate Rua Goncalves Maia, 163 Recife Tel: (55)(81) 221- 1412 Telex: 081-1190 Mailing address: American Consulate Recife APO Miami 34030 CHILE American Embassy Codina Bldg., 1343 Agustinas Santiago Tel: (56)(2) 710133 Telex: 240062-USA-CL Mailing address: American Embassy Santiago APO Miami 34033 COLOMBIA American Embassy Calle 38, No. 8-61 Bogota Tel: (57)(1) 285- 1300 Telex: 44843 Mailing address: American Embassy Bogota APO Miami 34038 American Consulate Calle 77 Carrera 68 Centro Comercial Mayorista Barranquilla Tel: (57)(5) 45-7088 Telex: 33482 AMCO CO Mailing address: American Consulate Barranquilla APO Miami 34038 COSTA RICA American Embassy Avenida 3 and Calle I San Jose Tel: (506) 331-155 Mailing address: American Embassy San Jose APO Miami 34020 ECUADOR American Embassy Avenida 12 de Octubre y Avenida Patria Quito Tel: (593)(2) 562-890 Mailing address: American Embassy Quito APO Miami 34039 American Consulate General 9 de Octubre y Garcia Moreno Guayaquil Tel: (593)(4) 323-570 Telex: 04-3452 USICAG ED Mailing address: American Consulate General Guayaquil APO Miami 34039 EL SALVADOR American Embassy 25 Avenida Norte No. 1230 San Salvador Tel: (503) 26-7100 Mailing Address: American Embassy San Salvador APO Miami 34023 FRENCH GUIANA American Consulate General 14 Rue Blenac B.P. 561 Fort- de-France 97206 Martinique Tel: (596) 63-13-03 Telex: 912670; 912315 MR GUATEMALA American Embassy 7-01 Avenida de la Reforma, Zone 10 Guatemala Tel: (502)(2) 31-15-41 Mailing Address: American Embassy Guatemala APO Miami 34024 GUYANA American Embassy 31 Main Street Georgetown Tel: (592)(02) 54900- 9 Telex: 213 AMEMSY GY HONDURAS American Embassy Avenido La Paz Tegucigalpa Tel: (504) 32-3120 Mailing Address: American Embassy Tegucigalpa APO Miami 34022 NICARAGUA American Embassy Km. 4-1/2 Carretera Sur Managua Tel: (505)(2) 66010 Mailing Address: American Embassy Managua APO Miami 34021 PANAMA American Embassy Apartado 6959 Panama 5 Rep. de Panama Tel: (507) 27-1777 Mailing Address: American Embassy Panama APO Miami 34002 PARAGUAY American Embassy 1776 Mariscal Loipez Avenida Asuncion Tel: (595)(21) 201-041 Mailing Address: American Embassy Asuncion APO Miami 34036-0001 PERU American Embassy Consular Section Grimaldo Del Solar 346 Miraflores Lima 18 Lima Tel: (51)(14) 44-3621 Telex: 25028PE USCOMATT Mailing Address: American Embassy Lima APO Miami 34031 SURINAME American Embassy Dr. Sophie Redmondstraat 129 Paramaribo Tel: (597) 72900 Telex: 373 AMEMSU SN URAGUAY American Embassy Lauro Muller 1776 Montevideo Tel: (598)(2) 40- 90-51 Mailing Address: American Embassy Montevideo APO Miami 34035 VENEZUELA American Embassy Avenida Francisco de Miranda y Avenida Principal de la Floresta Caracas Tel: (58)(2) 284-7111 Telex: 25501 AMEMB VE Mailing Address: American Embassy Caracas APO Miami 34037 American Consulate Edificio Sofimara, Piso 3 Calle 77 Con Avenida 13 Maracaibo Tel: (58)(61) 84-253 Telex: 62213 USCON VE Mailing Address: American Consulate Maracaibo APO Miami 34037 Sub-Saharan travel title tqtqU.S. DEPARTMENT OF STATE SEPTEMBER 1994: TIPS FOR TRAVELERS TO SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA BUREAU OF CONSULAR AFFAIRS Tips for Travelers to Sub-Saharan Africa DEPARTMENT OF STATE PUBLICATION Bureau of Consular Affairs Revised September 1994 General Information Your trip to Africa will be an adventure off the beaten path. The estimated 325,000 U.S citizens who travel to sub- Saharan Africa each year are only a fraction of the more than 44 million Americans who go overseas annually. The Department of State seeks to encourage international travel. Conditions and customs in sub-Saharan Africa, however, can contrast sharply with what you are used to. These pages contain advice to help you avoid inconvenience and difficulties as you go. Take our advice seriously but do not let it keep you at home. Africans are happy to share not just their scenery, but their culture and traditions as well. Before you go, learn as much as you can about your destination. Your travel agent, local bookstore, public library and the embassies of the countries you plan to visit are all useful sources of information. Another source is the Department of State's Background Notes series which include a pamphlet for each country in Africa. To obtain specific pamphlet prices and information, contact the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402; tel: 202-738-3238. You may also obtain select issues by fax by calling 202-736-7720 from your fax machine. This brochure covers all of Africa except the five nations bordering the Mediterranean. Sub-Saharan Africa includes 48 nations. Forty two of these nations are on the mainland. In addition, four island nations in the southwest Indian Ocean (Madagascar, Comoros, Mauritius, and Seychelles) and two island nations in the Atlantic Ocean (Cape Verde and Sao Tome and Principe) are considered part of Africa. For convenience, we will often use the word ''Africa'' to refer to the sub-Saharan region. For travel tips for the five northern African nations of Tunisia, Algeria, Morocco, Libya, and Egypt see ''Tips for Travelers to the Middle East and North Africa.'' Consular Information Program Before traveling obtain the Consular Information Sheet for the country or countries you plan to visit. You should also check to see if the Department of State has issued a Travel Warning for the country or countries you will be visiting. Warnings are issued when the State Department decides, based on all relevant information, to recommend that Americans avoid travel to a certain country. Consular Information Sheets are available for every country of the world. They include such information as the location of the U.S. embassy or consulate in the subject country, unusual immigration practices, health conditions, minor political disturbances, unusual currency and entry regulations, crime and security information, and drug penalties. If an unstable conditions exists in a country that is not severe enough to warrant a Warning, a description of the condition(s) may be included under an optional section entitled ''Areas of Instability.'' On limited occasions, we also restate in this section any U.S. embassy advice given to official employees. Consular Information Sheets generally do not include advice, but present information on factual matters so travelers can make knowledgeable decisions concerning travel to a particular country. Countries where avoidance of travel is recommended will have Travel Warnings as well as Consular Information Sheets. How to Access Consular Information Sheets and Travel Warnings Consular Information Sheets and Travel Warnings may be heard any time by dialing the Citizens Emergency Center at (202) 647-5225 from a touchtone phone. The recording is updated as new information becomes available. They are also available at any of the 13 regional passport agencies, field offices of the U.S. Department of Commerce, and U.S. embassies and consulates abroad, or, by writing or sending a self-addressed, stamped envelope to the Office of Overseas Citizens Services, Bureau of Consular Affairs, Room 4811, N.W., U.S. Department of State, Washington, D.C. 20520-4818. By fax From your fax machine, dial 202-647-3000, using the handset as you would a regular telephone. The system will instruct you on how to proceed. Consular Affairs Bulletin Board - CABB If you have a personal computer, modem and communication software, you can access the Consular Affairs Bulletin Board or CABB. This service is free of charge. To view or download the documents from a computer and modem, dial the CABB on 202-647-9225, setting your software to N-8- As you travel, keep abreast of local news coverage. If you plan a long stay in one place or if you are in an area where communications are poor or that is experiencing civil unrest or some natural disaster, you are encouraged to register with the nearest U.S. embassy or consulate. Registration takes only a few moments, and it may be invaluable in case of an emergency. Remember to leave a detailed itinerary and the numbers of your passport or other citizenship documents with a friend or relative in the United States. Health Health problems affect more visitors to Africa than any other difficulty. Information on health precautions can be obtained from local health departments, private doctors, or travel clinics. General guidance can also be found in the U.S. Public Health Service book, ''Health Information for International Travel,'' available for $6.00 from the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402, or the Centers for Disease Control's international travelers hotline at 404-332-4559. Depending on your destination, immunization may be recommended against cholera, diphtheria, tetanus, hepatitis, meningitis, polio, typhoid, and yellow fever. These diseases are transmitted by insects, contaminated food and water, or close contact with infected people. Travelers should take the proper precautions before leaving for sub- Saharan Africa to reduce the risk of infection. Diseases transmitted by insects Many diseases are transmitted through the bite of infected insects such as mosquitoes, flies, fleas, ticks, and lice. Travelers must protect themselves from insect bites by wearing proper clothing, using bed nets, and applying the proper insect repellent. Mosquito activity is most prominent during the hours between dusk and dawn. Malaria is a serious parasitic infection transmitted to humans by the mosquito. Symptoms range from fever and flu-like symptoms, to chills, general achiness, and tiredness. Travelers at risk for malaria should take Mefloquine to prevent malaria. This drug should be taken one week before leaving, while in the malarious area, and for a period of 4 weeks after leaving the area. Yellow Fever is a viral disease transmitted to human by a mosquito bite. Symptoms range from fever, chills, headache, and vomiting to jaundice, internal bleeding, and kidney failure. Some sub- Saharan countries require yellow fever vaccination for entry. Dengue Fever is primarily an urban viral infection transmitted by mosquito bites. The illness is flu-like and characterized by the sudden onset of a high fever, severe headaches, joint and muscle pain, and rash. Prevention is important since no vaccine or specific treatment exists. Diseases transmitted through food and water Food and waterborne diseases are one of the major cause of illness to travelers, most frequent being diarrhea. It can be caused by viruses, bacteria, or parasites which are found universally throughout the region. Typhoid Fever is a bacterial infection transmitted throughout contaminated food and/or water, or directly between people. Symptoms of typhoid include fever, headaches, tiredness, loss of appetite, and constipation more often then diarrhea. Typhoid fever can be treated effectively with antibiotics. Drinking only bottled or boiled water and eating only thoroughly cooked food reduces the risk of infection. Cholera is an acute intestinal infection caused by a bacterium. Infection is acquired by ingesting contaminated water or food. Symptoms include an abrupt onset of voluminous watery diarrhea, dehydration, vomiting, and muscle cramps. The best method of prevention is to follow the standard food and water precautions. Individuals with severe cases should receive medical attention immediately. Hepatitis A is a viral infection of the liver transmitted by the fecal oral; through direct person to person contact; from contaminated water, ice or shellfish; or from fruits or uncooked vegetables contaminated through handling. Symptoms include fatigue, fever, loss of appetite, nausea, dark urine, jaundice, vomiting, aches and pains, and light stools. No specific therapy is available. The virus is inactivated by boiling or cooking to 85 degrees centigrade for one minute. Travelers should eat thoroughly cooked foods and drinking only treated water as a precautions. Diseases transmitted through intimate contact with people Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) which causes acquired immunodeficiency syndrome or AIDS is found primarily in blood, semen, and vaginal secretions of an infected person. HIV is spread by contact with an infected person, by needle sharing among injecting drug users, and through transfusions of infected blood and blood clotting factors. Treatment has prolonged the survival of some HIV infected persons, but there is no known cure or vaccine available. International travelers should be aware that some countries serologically screen incoming travelers (primarily those with extended visits, such as for work or study) and deny entry to persons with AIDS and those whose test results indicate infection with HIV. Persons who are intending to visit a country for substantial period or to work or study abroad may wish to consult the embassy of that country concerning the policies and requirements on HIV testing. Hepatitis B is a viral infection of the liver. Primarily, Hepatitis B is transmitted through activities which result in the exchange of blood or blood derived fluids and/or through sexual activity with an infected person. The primary prevention consists of either vaccination and/or reducing intimate contact with those suspected of being infected. Meningococcal Disease (bacterial meningitis) is a bacterial infection in the lining of the brain or spinal cord. Early symptoms are headache, stiff neck, a rash, and fever. This is spread by repository droplets when an infected person sneezes or coughs on you. A one dose vaccine called Menomune% is available. Other diseases Schistosomiasis is an infection that develops after the larvae of a flatworm have penetrated the skin. Water treated with chlorine or iodine is virtually safe, and salt water poses no risk. The risk is a function of the frequency and degree of contact with contaminated fresh water for bathing, wading, or swimming. It is often difficult to distinguish between infested and non-infested water therefore, swimming in fresh water in rural areas should be avoided. Rabies is a viral infection that affects the central nervous system. It is transmitted by animal bites which introduces the virus into the wound. The best prevention is not to handle animals. Any animal bite should receive prompt attention. Some countries have shortages of medicines; bring an adequate supply of any prescription and over-the-counter medicines that you are accustomed to taking. Keep all prescriptions in their original, labeled containers. Medical facilities may be limited, particularly in rural areas. Should you become seriously ill or injured abroad, contact the nearest U.S. embassy or consulate. A U.S. consular officer can furnish you with a list of recommended local hospitals and English-speaking doctors. Consular officers can also inform your family or friends in the United States of your condition. Because medical coverage overseas can be quite expensive, prospective travelers should review their health insurance policies. Doctors and hospital expect immediate payment in full for health services in many sub-Saharan countries. If your policy does not provide medical coverage overseas, consider buying supplemental insurance. It is also advisable to obtain insurance to cover the exorbitant cost of medical evacuation in the event of a medical emergency. Except in first-class hotels, drink only boiled water or bottled beverages. Avoid ice cubes. Unless you are certain they are pasteurized, avoid dairy products. Vegetables and fruits should be peeled or washed in a purifying solution. A good rule of thumb is, if you can't peel it or cook it, don't eat it. Crime Crime is a worldwide problem, particularly in urban populated areas. In places where crime is especially acute, we have noted this problem under the specific geographic country section. Travelers should, however, be alert to the increasing crime problem throughout sub-Saharan Africa. Weather Sub-Saharan Africa is tropical, except for the high inland plateaus and the southern part of South Africa. Within 10 degrees of the Equator, the climate seldom varies and is generally hot and rainy. Further from the Equator, the seasons become more apparent, and if possible, you should plan your trip in the cooler months. If traveling to rural areas, avoid the rainy months which generally run from May through October, since roads may be washed out. Visa and Other Entry Requirements A U.S. passport is required for travel to all countries in Africa. In addition, most countries in sub-Saharan Africa require U.S. citizens to have a visa. If visas are required, obtain them before you leave home. If you decide to visit additional countries en route, it may be difficult or impossible to obtain visas. In most African countries, you will not be admitted into the country and will have to depart on the next plane, if you arrive without a visa. This can be inconvenient if the next plane does not arrive in several days, the airport hotel is full, and the airport has no other sleeping accommodations. The best authority on a country's visa and other entry requirements is its embassy or consulate. The Department of State publication, ''Foreign Entry Requirements,'' gives basic information on entry requirements and tells where and how to apply for visas. You can order a copy for $.50 from the Consumer Information Center, Pueblo, Colorado 81009. Allow plenty of time to apply for visas. An average of two weeks for each visa is recommended. When you inquire, check the following: - visa price, length of validity, and number of entries; - financial data required - proof of sufficient funds, proof of onward/return ticket; - immunizations required; - currency regulations; - import/export restrictions; and - departure tax. If required, be sure to keep sufficient hard currency so that you may leave the country on schedule. - AIDS clearance certification. Some countries require travelers to submit certification or be tested upon arrival for AIDS. In the past, some African countries refused to admit travelers who had South African visas or entry and exit stamps in their passports. The situation has been improving; however, if you have such notations in your passport or plan to visit South Africa in conjunction with a trip to other countries, contact a U.S. passport agency for guidance. If you are overseas, contact the nearest U.S. embassy or consulate. Restricted Areas A visa is good only for those parts of a country that are open to foreigners. Several countries in Africa have areas of civil unrest or war zones that are off-limits to visitors without special permits. Others have similar areas that are open but surrounded by security checkpoints where travelers must show their passport, complete with valid visa. When traveling in such a country, keep your passport with you at all times. No matter where you travel in Africa, do not overstay the validity of your visa; renew it if necessary. If stopped at a roadblock, be courteous and responsive to questions asked by persons in authority. At night, turn on the interior light of the car. In areas of instability, however, try to avoid travel at night. For information on restricted or risky areas, consult Department of State Consular Information Sheets or, if you are already in Africa, the nearest U.S. embassy or consulate. In some areas, when U.S. citizens are arrested or detained, police or prison officials have failed to inform the U.S. embassy or consulate. If you are ever detained for any reason, ask to talk with a U.S. consular officer immediately. U.S. Citizens Married to Foreign Nationals Women who travel to Africa should be aware that in some countries, either by law or by custom, a woman and her children need the permission of her husband to leave the country. If you or your children travel, be aware of the laws and customs of the places you visit. Do not visit or allow your children to visit unless you are confident that you will be permitted to leave. Once overseas, you are subject to the laws of the country you are in; U.S. law cannot protect you. Currency Regulations The amount of money, including traveler's checks, which may be taken into or out of African countries varies. In general, visitors must declare all currency and travelers checks upon arrival. Do not exchange money on the black market. Use only banks and other authorized foreign exchange offices and retain receipts. You may need to present the receipts as well as your original currency declaration when you depart. Currency not accounted for may be confiscated, and you may be fined or detained. Many countries require that hotel bills be paid in hard currency. Some require that a minimum amount of hard currency be changed into the local currency upon arrival. Some countries prohibit the import or export of local currency. U.S. Wildlife Regulations The United States prohibits the import of products from endangered species, including the furs of any spotted cats. Most African countries have enacted laws protecting wildlife, but poaching and illegal trafficking in wildlife are still commonplace. Importing products made from endangered species, may result in the seizure of the product and a possible fine. African ivory can not generally be imported legally into the United States. The import of most types of parrots and other wild birds from Africa is now restricted and subject to licensing and other controls. There are also restrictions which require the birds to be placed in quarantine upon arrival to ensure they are free from disease. For further information on the import of wildlife and related products, consult the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service or TRAFFIC U.S.A., World Wildlife U.S., 1250 24th Street, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20037. Air Travel If you are flying to places in Africa other than the major tourist destinations, you may have difficulty securing and retaining reservations and experience long waits at airports for customs and immigration processing. If stranded, you may need proof of a confirmed reservation in order to obtain food and lodging vouchers from some airlines. Flights are often overbooked, delayed, or cancelled and when competing for space on a plane, you may be dealing with a surging crowd rather than a line. Traveling with a packaged tour may insulate you from some of these difficulties. All problems cannot be avoided, but you can: - Learn the reputation of the airline and the airports you will use to forestall problems and avoid any unpleasant surprises. - When possible, reserve your return passage before you go; reconfirm immediately upon arrival. - Ask for confirmation in writing, complete with file number or locator code, when you make or confirm a reservation. - Arrive at the airport earlier than required in order to put yourself at the front of the line or the crowd, as the case may be. - Travel with funds sufficient for an extra week's subsistence in case you are stranded. Photography Africa is filled with photogenic scenery, and photography is generally encouraged. However, most governments prohibit photography of military installations or locations having military significance, including airports, bridges, tunnels, port facilities, and public buildings. Visitors can seek guidance on restrictions from local tourist offices or from the nearest U.S. embassy or consulate. Taking photographs without prior permission can result in your arrest or the confiscation of your film. Shortages, High Prices, and Other Problems Consumer goods, gas, and food are in short supply in some African countries and prices for these commodities may be high by U.S. standards. Shortages of hotel accommodations also exist so confirm reservations well in advance. Some countries experience disruptions in electricity and water supply or in services such as mail and telecommunications. Local Transportation Rental cars, where available, may be expensive. Hiring a taxi is often the easiest way to go sight-seeing. Taxi fares should be negotiated in advance. Travel on rural roads can be slow and difficult in the dry season and disrupted by floods in the rainy season. Roads may also be dangerous due to the presence of armed bandits. Country Information Angola Angola is a developing country which has experienced war and civil strife since independence from Portugal in 1975. On May 19, 1993, the U.S. recognized the Government of the Republic of Angola, and a U.S. Embassy was established in Luanda on June 22, 1993. Facilities for tourism are virtually nonexistent. Visas are required. Persons arriving without visas are subjected to possible arrest or deportation. Travel in many parts of the city is considered unsafe at night because of the increased incidence of armed robberies and carjackings. Violent crime exists throughout the country. Adequate medical facilities are scarce in Angola, and most medicine is not available. Travelers are advised to purchase medical evacuation insurance. Benin Benin is a developing West African country. Its capital is Porto Novo; however the adjoining city of Cotonou is the main port and site of most government and tourist activity. Tourist facilities in Cotonou are available, but are not fully developed elsewhere in Benin. U.S. citizens are required to have a passport and visa to enter the country. Because of security concerns in remote areas, especially in the northern region of Atacora, travel can be dangerous. Medical facilities in Benin are limited. Crime rates are rising, particularly in the city of Cotonou. Botswana Botswana is a developing southern African nation. Facilities for tourism are available. A passport is required. No visa is necessary for stays of less than 90 days. Medical facilities in Botswana are limited. Some petty crime, such as pickpocketing and purse snatching is common in the capital city of Gaborone. Travel by automobile outside of large towns may be dangerous. Although major roads are generally in good condition, the combination of long, tedious stretches of two-lane highway, high speed limits, and the occasional presence of large animals on the roads makes accidents a frequent occurrence. Burkina Faso Burkina Faso , previously known as Upper Volta, is a developing West African country which borders the Sahara Desert. The official language is French. Facilities for tourism are not widely available. A passport and a visa are required. Cholera immunization is recommended. Medical facilities in Burkina Faso are limited. Medicine may be in short supply. Some petty crime occurs. There are restrictions on photography and a valid photo permit must be obtained from the Ministry of Tourism. The Ministry maintains a list of photo restrictions that are expected to be observed by visitors. The U.S. Embassy in Ouagadougou can provide information on specific photography regulations. Credit cards are rarely accepted. Travelers checks can be cashed at local banks. Local telephone service is excellent but expensive. Burundi Burundi is a small, inland African nation passing through a period of instability following a coup attempt in October 1993. Facilities for tourism, particularly in the interior, are limited. A passport and visa are required. Medical facilities are limited in Burundi. Street crime poses a high risk for visitors. Burundi has a good network of roads between the major towns and border posts. Travel on other roads is difficult, particularly in the rainy season. Public transportation to border points is often difficult and frequently unavailable. At the time of publication, the Department of State warned U.S. citizens to avoid travel due to continuing unstable conditions throughout the country. Cameroon Cameroon is a developing African country. Facilities for tourism are limited. A passport and a visa are required. Airport security is stringent and visitors may be subject to baggage searches. Medical facilities are limited. Armed banditry is an increasing problem throughout the country, including tourist areas in Cameroon's far north province and all major cities. Persons traveling at night on rural highways are at extreme risk. While photography is not officially forbidden, security officials are sensitive about the photographing of government buildings and military installations, many of which are unmarked. Photography of these subjects may result in seizure of photographic equipment by Cameroon authorities. Cape Verde The Republic of Cape Verde consists of several rugged volcanic islands off the west coast of Africa. The climate is warm and dry. Tourist facilities are limited. A passport and a visa are required. Evidence of immunization against yellow fever (if arriving from and infected area), is required. Medical facilities in Cape Verde are extremely limited. Some petty theft is common. Central African Republic The Central African Republic is a developing African country. Facilities for tourism are limited. A passport and visa are required. Medical facilities in the Central African Republic are limited. Petty crime such as pickpocketing is common. There have been attacks by armed highway bandits on motorists in the central and northern part of the country, which have resulted in the wounding or death of both foreigners and Africans. Taking photographs of police or military installations, as well as government buildings, is prohibited. Chad is a developing country in north central Africa which has experienced sporadic armed disturbances over the past several years. Facilities for tourism are limited. Visitors to Chad must have a passport and a visa before arrival. Evidence of a yellow fever vaccination must be presented. Medical facilities are extremely limited. Medicines are in short supply. Pickpocketing and purse snatching are endemic in market and commercial areas. A permit is required for all photography. Even with a permit, there are prohibitions against taking pictures of military establishments and official buildings. At the time of publication, the U.S. Embassy advised U.S. citizens that travel across the southwestern border into Cameroon was hazardous because of a continuing series of security incidents. Comoros Comoros is a developing island nation located in the Indian Ocean, off the east coast of Africa. Facilities for tourism are limited. A passport and a visa are required. Visas for stays of three weeks or less can be issued at the airport upon arrival, provided an onward/return ticket is presented. Medical facilities in Comoros are limited. Petty thievery is not uncommon. Congo The Congo is a developing nation in central Africa. Facilities for tourism are limited. A passport and a visa are required. Medical facilities in the Congo are limited. Some medical supplies is in short supply. Street crime, including mugging and purse snatching, is common in Brazzaville, as well as in some parts of the countryside. Driving may be hazardous, particularly at night, and travelers should be alert to possible roadblocks. Sub-Saharan travel (more) title sU.S. DEPARTMENT OF STATE SEPTEMBER 1994: TIPS FOR TRAVELERS TO SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA BUREAU OF CONSULAR AFFAIRS Cote d'Ivoire Cote d'Ivoire is also known as the Ivory Coast. It is a developing West African nation. Tourism facilities in the capital city of Abidjan include some luxury hotels. Other accommodations, especially outside the capital, may be limited in quality and availability. U.S. citizens are required to have passports. A visa is not required for a stay of up to 90 days. Medical facilities in Cote d'Ivoire are adequate in Abidjan but may be limited elsewhere. Not all medicines are available. Street crime of the ''grab and run'' variety, as well as pickpocketing in crowded areas, has increased. Automobile accidents are one of the greatest threats to the well-being of Americans in Cote d'Ivoire. Night driving is particularly hazardous due to poorly lit roads and vehicles. Airline travel in Cote d'Ivoire and many other parts of West Africa is routinely overbooked; schedules are limited, and airline assistance is of varying quality. Djibouti Djibouti is a developing African country. Facilities for tourism are limited. Visitors to Djibouti must have passports and obtain a visa before arrival. Evidence of yellow fever immunization must be presented. Medical facilities are limited. Medicine is often unavailable. Petty crime occurs in Djibouti City and elsewhere in the country. Equatorial Guinea Equatorial Guinea is a developing country in West Africa. Tourism facilities are minimal. A passport and a visa, obtained in advance, are required. Medical facilities are extremely limited. Many medicines are unavailable. Petty crime is common. The government of Equatorial Guinea has established stringent currency restrictions, applied both on arrival and departure from the country. Special permits may be needed for some types of photography. Permits are also required to visit certain areas of the country. Eritrea Eritrea is a poor but developing East African country. Formerly a province of Ethiopia, Eritrea became an independent country on May 24, 1993, following a 30-year long struggle for independence. Tourism facilities in Eritrea are very limited. A valid passport and a visa are required as well as evidence of yellow fever immunization. Airport visas are unavailable. Flights between Asmara and Addis Ababa, the capital of Ethiopia, are heavily booked and advance reservations are recommended by the airlines. Medical facilities in Eritrea are extremely limited. Travelers must bring their own supplies of prescription drugs and preventative medicines. Street crime such as theft and robbery is on the increase, particularly in the city of Asmara. While travel throughout Eritrea is relatively safe, visitors may wish to exercise normal safety precautions with regard to what valuables are carried and what environs are visited. The government of Eritrea continues to use the Ethiopian birr as a currency. Credit cards are not accepted in Eritrea. Foreigners must pay bills in U.S. dollars or U.S. dollar denomination travelers checks. Ethiopia Ethiopia is a developing East African country. Tourism facilities in Ethiopia are minimal. A passport and a visa are required, as well as evidence of yellow fever immunization. Travelers must enter Ethiopia by air, either at Addis Ababa or Dire Dawa. Individuals entering overland risk being detained by immigration authorities and/or fined. Airport visas may be obtained if 72 hours advance notice has been provided by the traveler's sponsoring organization to proper authorities within Ethiopia. There is a lively black market for hard currency in Ethiopia, despite a recent devaluation of the Ethiopian birr. Visitors must declare hard currency upon arrival and may be required to present this declaration when applying for an exit visa. Domestic and international air services generally operate on schedule, although flights between Addis Ababa and Asmara are heavily booked and may be canceled without prior warning. Land mines and other anti-personnel devices litter the Ethiopian countryside, particularly along major roads. Many persons, including foreigners, have been injured by these devices. If possible, travel on paved roads since they are generally safer than unpaved roads. Medical facilities in Ethiopia are extremely limited. Hospitals in Addis Ababa suffer from inadequate facilities, antiquated equipment and shortages of supplies, particularly medications, although physicians are generally well-trained. Pickpocketing is rampant, and there have been numerous reports of thieves snatching jewelry. Banditry occurs on roads outside major towns or cities, and may result in violent attacks; several persons have been killed. Certain buildings and public places may not be photographed. Gabon Gabon is a developing West African nation formerly a part of French West Africa. French is the official language. Facilities for tourism are limited, especially outside the capital city. A passport and a visa are required. Evidence of a yellow fever vaccination must be submitted. Medical facilities in Gabon are limited. Some medicines are not available. Petty crime, such as robbery and mugging, is common, especially in urban areas. Gambia The Gambia is a developing West African nation. Facilities for tourists, including one five star hotel, are adequate, but those outside the vicinity of the capital city, Banjul, may be limited in availability. A passport and visa are required. Evidence of yellow fever immunization must be submitted with one's visa application. Medical facilities are limited. Some medicines are unavailable. Street crime is common, including pickpocketing and mugging. Ghana Ghana is a developing country on the west coast of Africa. A passport and a visa are required. Evidence of immunization for yellow fever and cholera is also required. Medical facilities in Ghana are limited, particularly outside the capital city of Accra. Malaria is common, as are other tropical diseases. Petty crime, such as pickpocketing, is common. Robberies often occur in public places and at the beach. Currency transactions with private citizens is illegal. Visitors arriving in Ghana with electronic equipment, particularly video cameras and laptop computers, may be required to pay a refundable deposit of 17.5 per cent of the value of the item prior to entry into the country. In some areas, possession of a camera is considered to be suspicious. Individuals have been arrested for taking pictures near sensitive installations. The government of Ghana does not recognize dual nationality except for minors under 21 years of age. The wearing of any military apparel, such as camouflage jackets or pants, or any clothing or items which may appear military in nature is strictly prohibited. Guinea Guinea is a developing coastal West African country. Facilities for tourism are minimal. A passport and a visa are required. Evidence of yellow fever immunization is required, and the Guinean government recommends taking of malarial suppressants. Medical facilities are limited. Diseases such as malaria, including cerebral malaria, hepatitis and intestinal hepatitis disorders are endemic. Street crime is very common. Criminals particularly target visitors at the airport in Conakry. Pickpockets or persons posing as officials sometimes offer assistance and then steal bags, purses or wallets. Travelers may wish to be met at the airport by travel agents, business contacts, family members or friends to avoid this possibility. Permission from the Guinean government's security personnel is required for photographing government buildings, airports, bridges or official looking buildings. Credit cards are rarely accepted in Guinea. Inter-bank fund transfers are frequently difficult, if not impossible, to accomplish. The communication system is poor. The limited telephone and fax lines are usually available only between 6:00 pm and 6:00 am local time. Guinea-Bissau Guinea-Bassau is a developing nation on the west coast of Africa. Portuguese is the official language; French is also widely spoken. Facilities for tourism are minimal, particularly outside the capital city of Bissau. A passport and a visa are required. Visas must be obtained in advance; recent visitors arriving without visas via land or air have been turned back. Visa applications must be accompanied by two photos and evidence of yellow fever immunization. Medical facilities in Guinea-Bissau are extremely limited. Medicines often are not available. Malaria is common, as are other tropical diseases. Petty thievery and pickpocketing are increasingly common, particularly at the airport, in markets and at public gatherings. Thieves have occasionally posed as officials and stolen bags and other personal items. Visitors should request permission from security personnel before photographing military or police installations. Small U.S. currency denominations are most useful for exchange into Guinea-Bissau pesos. Credit cards and travelers checks are rarely accepted in Guinea-Bissau. Inter-bank fund transfers are frequently difficult and time- consuming to accomplish. Taking pesos out of the country is prohibited. Travelers may have difficulty finding public phones and receiving international calls. Telephone services are expensive. Kenya Kenya is a developing East African country known for the wildlife in its national park system. Tourist facilities are widely available in Nairobi, on the coast, and in the game park and reserves. A passport and a visa are required. Visas may be obtained in advance at any Kenyan embassy or consulate, or upon arrival at a Kenyan port of entry. Evidence of yellow fever immunization may be requested. Adequate medical services are available in Nairobi. There is a high rate of street crime against tourists in downtown Nairobi, Mombasa and at the coastal beach resorts. Pickpockets and thieves are also involved in ''snatch and run'' crimes near crowds. Kenyan currency may not be taken out of the country and is sometimes difficult to exchange for dollars upon departure. Security in the Masai Mara game reserve has deteriorated, with attacks by armed bandits on several camp sites. Visitors should use only reputable travel firms and knowledgeable guides and avoid camping alone. Water in Nairobi is potable. In other parts of the country, water must be boiled or bottled. Travel by passenger train in Kenya may be unsafe, particularly during the rainy season, because of the lack of routine maintenance and safety checks. Lesotho Lesotho is a developing country in southern Africa. Facilities for tourists are limited. Visas are required and may be obtained at a Lesotho diplomatic mission prior to arrival in Lesotho. Americans arriving without visas have not been inconvenienced but must obtain a visa at the immigration and passport office in Maseru after entering the country. Medical facilities are minimal. Many medicines are unavailable. Deteriorating economic conditions in the country, aggravated by the return of large numbers of unemployed miners from South Africa, have caused an increase in armed robberies, break ins, and auto thefts. This occurs primarily in the capital city of Maseru but can occur elsewhere as well. Traveling alone or at night is particularly dangerous. Liberia Liberia is a developing West African country which has suffered internal strife for the past several years. Tourism facilities are poor, and in some cases, non- existent. At the time of publication, U.S. citizens were warned to avoid travel due to unsettled security conditions. Travelers are required to have a passport and a visa prior to arrival. Evidence of yellow fever vaccinations are required. An exit permit must be obtained from Liberian immigration authorities upon arrival. Medical facilities have been disrupted. Medicines are scarce. Monrovia's crime rate is high, Foreigners, including U.S. citizens, have been targets of street crime. Lodging, water, electricity, fuel, transportation, telephone and postal services continue to be uneven in Monrovia. Madagascar Madagascar is a developing island nation off the east coast of Africa. Facilities for tourism are available, but vary in quality. Passports and visas are required. Evidence of yellow fever immunizations must be submitted. Medical facilities are minimal. Many medicines are unavailable. Street crimes poses a risk for visitors, especially in the city of Antananarivo. Reported incidents include muggings and purse snatching. These crimes generally occur in or near public mass transit systems, and against individuals walking at night in the Antananarivo city center. Foreigners who remain near or photograph political gatherings or demonstrations, especially in towns outside Antananarivo, may be at risk. Malawi Malawi is a developing African nation. Facilities for tourists exist, but are limited. A passport is required. Visas are not required for a stay of up to one year. Strict dress codes apply to anyone visiting Malawi. Women must wear dresses that cover the shoulders, arms and knees and may not wear slacks except in specifically designated areas. Men with long hair cannot enter the country. Medical facilities are limited. Some medicines are in short supply. Petty crime, including purse snatching, occurs in urban areas. Mali is a developing West African nation with a new democratically elected system of government. Facilities for tourism are limited. A passport and a visa are required. Medical facilities are limited. Many medicines are unavailable. Petty crime, including pickpocketing and purse snatching, is not uncommon. Incidents of banditry and vehicle theft have been reported along major travel routes, near the principal cities and in smaller towns. Victims have included foreigners. The roads from Bamako to Mopti, Douentza, Koutiala, Sikasso, and Bougouni, and a few other roads are paved. Road conditions on other routes are poor, particularly in the rainy season from mid-June to mid- September. Driving is hazardous after dark, and nighttime travel may be dangerous. Photography is no longer restricted, except for military subjects. However, interpretation of what may be considered off limits varies. Other subjects may be considered sensitive from a cultural or religious viewpoint, and it is helpful to obtain permission before taking pictures. The Malian currency is the CFA franc which is exchangeable for French francs at a fixed rate. Exchange of dollars in cash or travelers checks is slow and often involves out-of-date rates. Use of credit cards is limited to payments for services at only two hotels in Bamako. Cash advances on credit cards are performed by one bank in Mali, the BMCD Bank in Bamako, and only with a ''VISA'' credit card. International calls are expensive and difficult to make outside of Bamako. Collect calls cannot be made from Mali. Calls to the United States cost approximately ten dollars a minute. Mauritania Mauritania is a developing country in northwestern Africa. Evidence of yellow fever immunization and proof of sufficient funds are required. Medical facilities in Mauritania are limited. Medicines are difficult to obtain. Petty crime exists. Local currency may not be imported or exported. Credit cards, other than American Express, are not acceptable in Mauritania. American Express cards can only be used at a few hotels in Nouakchott and Nouadhibou. Mauritius The Republic of Mauritius is a developing nation with a stable government and growing economy. Facilities for tourism are largely available. Although the spoken languages are French and Creole, English is the official language. A passport, an onward/return ticket and evidence of sufficient funds are required for entrance to Mauritius. U.S. citizens do not need visas for a stay of three months or less for business or tourism. Petty crime is common in Mauritius. Mozambique Mozambique, a less developed country in southern Africa, ended a 17-year civil war in October 1992 with the signing of a peace agreement between the government and the rival rebel group. Facilities for tourism are severely limited outside of Maputo. Travel by road outside of the major urban areas is possible; however, road conditions vary greatly. A passport and a visa are required. Visas must be obtained in advance from a Mozambican embassy or consulate. Medical facilities are minimal. Many medicines are unavailable. Maputo's special clinic, which requires payment in hard currency, can provide general non-emergency services. Economic conditions in the country, spotty police protection, and years of war have caused an increase in violent and armed robberies, break-ins, and auto thefts. Victims, including members of the foreign community, have been killed. Traveling alone or at night is particularly risky. Currency can be converted at locations authorized by the Mozambican government. Currency conversions on the black market are illegal and very risky. Credit cards are not widely accepted in Mozambique. Some merchants prefer to be paid in U.S. dollars. Namibia Namibia is a southern African country with a moderately developed economy. Facilities for tourism are available. A passport, an onward/return ticket and proof of sufficient funds are required for entrance into Namibia. A visa is not required for tourist or business visits. Medical facilities are relatively modern, especially in the city of Windhoek. Some petty crime occurs. Niger Niger is a developing, inland African nation whose northern area includes a part of the Sahara Desert. Tourism facilities are minimal, particularly outside of Niamey. A passport and a visa are required to enter Niger. Visas are valid for a period of one week to three months from the date of issuance, depending on the type of visa and category of traveler. Although yellow fever and cholera vaccinations are not required for visa issuance, they are required for entry into Niger. Medical facilities are minimal in Niger, particularly outside the city of Niamey. Some medicines are in short supply. Armed bandits operate in northern Niger, and a number of people have been killed. Thieves and pickpockets are especially active in tourist areas. Care must be taken in walking city streets anywhere in the country at any time, but especially at night. There have been incidents of groups of men assaulting women who are, or appear to be, African, and who are wearing garments other than the traditional ankle-length wrap known as ''pagnes.'' U.S. citizens are generally not specific targets of these assaults. Tourists are free to take pictures anywhere in Niger, except near military installations, radio and television stations, the Presidency Building, and the airport. There are no laws restricting currency transactions in Niger. Local currency (the CFA Franc) or foreign currency, up to the equivalent of four thousand U.S. dollars, can be taken into or out of Niger without violating the law. International telephones service to and from Niger is expensive and callers experience delays getting a line. Telefaxes are often garbled due to poor quality. Nigeria At the time of publication, Nigeria, with limited facilities for tourism, poses risks for travelers. A passport and a visa are required of U.S. citizens and all other foreigners. Evidence of yellow fever and cholera vaccinations are also required. Airport visas are not available. Violent crime affecting foreigners is an extremely serious problem, especially in Lagos and the southern half of the country. Visitors, as well as resident Americans, report widespread armed muggings, assault, burglary, carjackings and extortion, often involving violence. A variety of diseases poses a serious health threat. The public is not always informed in a timely manner about outbreaks of typhoid, cholera and yellow fever. Malaria, including potentially fatal cerebral malaria, and hepatitis are endemic. Medical facilities are limited; not all medicines are available. Permission is required to take photographs of government buildings, airports, bridges or official looking buildings. Permission may be obtained from Nigerian security personnel. Credit cards are rarely accepted and, because of the prevalence of credit card fraud in Nigeria and perpetrated by Nigerians in the United States, their use is generally ill advised. It is often necessary to bring travelers checks or currency in sufficient amounts to cover the trip. Interbank transfers are frequently difficult, if not impossible, to accomplish. The government of Nigeria has fixed an artificially high official rate for the local currency, the naira (in terms of its value in exchange for foreign currencies). Persons seeking to trade at lower rates on the ''black market'' could be arrested or shaken down. To avoid problems, exchange dollars for local currency only at the official rate and at approved exchange facilities, usually including major hotels. Visitors may also wish to obtain a copy of ''Tips for Business Travelers to Nigeria.'' This publication is available free of charge by sending a self addressed, stamped envelope to the Office of Overseas Citizens Services, Department of State, Washington, D.C. 20520-4818. Rwanda Rwanda is a central East African country torn by ethnic and political strife. A three month civil war ended in mid- July. Much of the country's basic infastructure telephones, water distribution, electricity, etc. was destroyed in the war. Medical facilities are severely limited and extremely overburdened. Almost all medical facilities in the capital, Kigali, were destroyed during the civil war. Looting and street crime are common. There are no civilian law enforcement authorities functioning in Rwanda at this time. Clean water and food are unavailable on a regular basis, and only rudimentary lodging can be found. At the time of publication, the Department of State warned U.S. citizens to avoid travel due to the unsettled conditions following the aftermath of the civil war. Sao Tome and Principe Sao Tome and Principe is a developing island nation off the west coast of Africa. Facilities for tourism are not widely available. A passport and a visa are required. There is no charge for tourist or business visas for visits of up to two weeks. Evidence of yellow fever immunization must be submitted. Medical facilities in Sao Tome and Principe are limited. Some crime occurs. Senegal Senegal is a developing West African country. Facilities for tourists are widely available although of varying quality. A passport is required. Visas are not required for stays of less than 90 days. However, a visa is required if traveling to Senegal from Mauritania, regardless of length of stay. U.S. citizens need onward/return tickets Medical facilities are limited, particularly in areas outside the capital, Dakar. Street crime in Senegal poses moderate risks for visitors. Most reported incidents involve pickpockets, purse snatchers and street scam artists. Seychelles Seychelles is an island nation in the Indian Ocean off the east coast of Africa. The principle island of Mahe has a population of about 50,000. The two other islands, with significant permanent populations, are Praslin and La Digue. Facilities for tourism are generally well developed. A visa is required and may be issued on arrival for a stay up to one month. There is no charge. The visa may be extended for a period of up to one year. Medical facilities in Seychelles are limited, especially in the isolated outer islands, where doctors are often unavailable. Petty crime occurs, although violent crime against tourists is considered to be rare. Keep valuables in hotel safes and close and lock hotel windows at night, even while the room is occupied to minimize the risk of crime. Sierra Leone Sierra Leone is a developing country which has few facilities for tourism and poses considerable risks for travelers. Military activity and banditry affect large parts of the country outside Freetown. Telephone service is unreliable. A passport and a visa are required. Airport visas are not available upon arrival in Sierra Leone for U.S. citizens; visas must, therefore, be obtained in advance from a Sierra Leonean embassy or consulate. Yellow fever immunizations are required. Malaria suppressants are recommended. Travelers must declare foreign currency being brought into Sierra Leone. Declaration is made on an exchange control form which must be certified and stamped at the port of entry. Medical facilities are limited and medicines are in short supply. Sterility of equipment is questionable, and treatment is often unreliable. Petty crime and theft of wallets and passports are common. Requests for payments at military roadblocks are common. Permission is required to photograph government buildings, airports, bridges or official-looking buildings. Areas forbidding photography are not marked or defined. Somalia At the time of publication, U.S. citizens were warned not to travel to Somalia. The Liaison office in Mogodishu ceased operations in September 1994. No visas are required for entry into Somalia. Anyone entering Somalia must receive immunization against cholera, typhoid, and yellow fever, and obtain a doctor's advice regarding any other immunizations that might be necessary. There are virtually no health facilities or medicines available in Somalia. Looting, banditry, and all forms of violent crime are common in Somalia, particularly in the capital city of Mogodishu. Electricity, water, food, and lodging are unobtainable on a regular basis. South Africa Although South Africa is in many respects a developed country, much of its population, particularly in rural areas, lives in poverty. There are adequate facilities in all urban centers, game parks and areas most commonly visited by tourists. Food and water are generally safe, and a wide variety of consumer goods and pharmaceuticals are readily available. Road conditions are generally good, but there is a very high incidence of highway casualties, especially over holiday weekends. A passport valid for at least six months is required, but a visa is not required for visits for holiday, business or transit purposes. Visas are required, however, for extended stays, employment, study and for diplomatic and official passport holders. Evidence of a yellow fever vaccination is necessary if arriving from an infected area. Medical facilities are good in urban areas and in the vicinity of game parks and beaches, but may be limited elsewhere. There is continuing and significant street crime such as muggings, pickpocketing, and random street violence, which affects foreigners as well as local residents, especially in the center of major cities such as Johannesburg. Sudan Sudan is a large under-developed country in northeastern Africa. Tourism facilities are minimal. A passport and a visa are required to enter Sudan. The Sudanese government recommends that malarial suppressants be taken, and that yellow fever, cholera and meningitis vaccinations be in order. Visas are not granted in passports showing Israeli visas. Travelers are required to register with police headquarters within three days of arrival. Travelers must obtain police permission before moving to another location in Sudan and must register with police within 24 hours of arrival at the new location. The exchange of money at other than an authorized banking institution may result in arrest and loss of funds though unscrupulous black marketeers. A permit must be obtained before taking photographs anywhere in Khartoum, as well as in the interior of the country. Photographing military areas, bridges, drainage stations, broadcast stations, public utilities, and slum areas or beggars is prohibited. Disruption of water and electricity are frequent. Telecommunications are slow and often not possible. Unforeseen circumstances such as sandstorms and electrical outages may cause flight delays. Swaziland Swaziland is a small developing nation in southern Africa. Facilities for tourism are available. A passport is required. Visas are not required of tourists planning to stay less than 60 days. Temporary residence permits are issued in Mbabane. For longer stays, visitors must report to immigration authorities or to a police station within 48 hours of arrival, if they are not lodged in a hotel. Yellow fever and cholera immunizations are required for visitors arriving from an infected area. Anti-malarial treatment is recommended. Medical facilities are limited. Petty street crime, primarily theft of money and personal property occurs with some frequency. Sub-Saharan travel (more) title :-:-U.S. DEPARTMENT OF STATE SEPTEMBER 1994: TIPS FOR TRAVELERS TO SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA BUREAU OF CONSULAR AFFAIRS Tanzania Tanzania is a developing East African nation. Tourist facilities are adequate in major cities, but limited in remote areas. A passport and a visa are required for entrance into the country. Visas for mainland Tanzania are also valid for Zanzibar. Airport visas may be obtained only in Zanzibar; they are not available at mainland airports. Yellow fever and cholera immunizations are required if arriving from an affected area. Airport officials often require current immunizations records from travelers arriving from non-infected areas as well. Medical facilities are limited. Some medicines are in short supply or unavailable. Malaria is endemic in Tanzania and anti- malarial prophylaxis are advisable. Numerous cases of meningococcal meningitis and cholera have been reported throughout the country. Crime is a concern in both urban and rural areas of Tanzania. Incidents include muggings, vehicle thefts and residential break-ins. Valuables such as passports, travelers checks, cameras and jewelry are particular targets for thieves, and are easily stolen if left in luggage at airline check-ins or hotel lobbies. Photography of military installations is forbidden. Individuals have been detained and/or had their cameras and film confiscated for taking pictures of hospitals, schools, bridges, industrial sites and airports. Togo is a small West African nation with a developing economy. Tourism facilities are limited, especially outside the capital city. A passport is required. No visa is required for a stay of less than three months. Yellow fever immunizations are required. Medical facilities in Togo are limited under normal conditions and have degraded because of a long general strike, the departure of medical personnel and the closure or reduction of service in clinics and hospitals. Some medicines are available through local pharmacies. Petty crime, including pickpocketing, has increased. Uganda Uganda is a developing East African nation. Tourism facilities are adequate in Kampala, but are limited in other areas. A passport is required; a visa is not required for U.S. citizens. Evidence of immunization for yellow fever, cholera and typhoid is often requested. Medical facilities in Uganda are limited. Medical supplies, equipment and medication are often in short supply or not available. Incidents of armed vehicle hijacking and armed highway robbery are frequent throughout the country. Many roads in Uganda are poor, and bandit activity in some areas is both frequent and unpredictable. Highway travel at night is particularly dangerous. Photographing security forces or government installations is prohibited. Zaire Zaire is the largest sub-Saharan African country. Although Zaire has substantial human and natural resources, in recent years, the country has suffered a profound political and economic crisis. This has resulted in the dramatic deterioration of the physical infrastructure of the country, insecurity and an increase in crime in urban areas (including occasional episodes of looting and murder in Kinshasa's streets). There have also been occasional official hostility to U.S. citizens and nationals of European countries, periodic shortages of basic needs such as gasoline, chronic shortages of medicine and supplies for some basic medical care, hyperinflation, and corruption. In some urban areas, malnutrition and starvation are acute Tourism facilities are minimal. A passport, visa and vaccination certificate showing valid yellow fever and cholera immunizations are required for entry. Medical facilities are extremely limited. Medicine is in short supply. Most intercity roads are difficult or impassable in the rainy season. While the U.S. dollar and travelers checks can, in theory, be exchanged for local currency (zaires) at banks in Kinshasa, banks often do not have sufficient new Zaire cash on hand to make transactions. Credit cards are generally not accepted, except by a few major hotels and restaurants. Photography of public buildings and/or military installations is forbidden, including photography of the banks of the Congo River. Offenders may to be arrested, held for a minimum of several hours, fined and the film and camera may also be confiscated. Zambia Zambia is a developing African country. Tourist facilities outside of well-known game parks are not fully developed. U.S. citizens must have passports and obtain a Zambian visa prior to entering the country. Medical facilities are limited. Cholera and yellow fever are endemic. Crime is prevalent in Zambia. Muggings and petty theft are commonplace, especially in Lusaka in the vicinity of Cairo Road and in other commercial areas. Zimbabwe Zimbabwe is a landlocked southern African nation with extensive tourist facilities. A passport is required. Although no visa is required to enter Zimbabwe, immigration authorities require a firm itinerary, sufficient funds for the visit, and a return ticket to the United States. Onward tickets to non-U.S. destinations may not suffice. If these requirements are not met, immigration authorities may order departure by the next available flight. Medical facilities in Zimbabwe are limited. Some medicine is in short supply. Muggings, purse snatching and break-ins are an increasing problem in Harare and Bulawayo. Thieves often operate in downtown Harare, especially in crowded areas, and on public transportation. Nationwide electrical blackouts can last hours at a time. Intercity bus travel can be dangerous due to overloaded buses, inadequate maintenance, unskilled drivers and occasional cases of drivers operating buses while intoxicated. Currency transactions are strictly regulated. Tourists must declare to Zimbabwe customs all currency and travelers checks before entering the country. Failure to declare all currency and travelers checks may result in confiscation of the currency or checks, as well as a fine. Zimbabwean authorities are extremely sensitive about photographing certain locations and buildings, including government offices, airports, military installations, official residences and embassies. U.S Embassies and Consulates Abroad Note: The workweek is Monday-Friday except where noted. Mail to APO and FPO addresses must originate in the United States; the street address must not appear in an APO or FPO address. ANGOLA American Embassy Rua Houari Boumedienne P.O. Box 6468 Luanda Tel: (244-2) 34-54-81 BENIN American Embassy Rue Caporal Anani Bernard B.P. 2012 Cotonou Tel: (229) 30-06-50 BOTSWANA American Embassy P.O. Box 90 Gaborone Tel: (267) 353-982 BURKINO FASO American Embassy B.P. 35 Ouagadougou Tel: (226) 306-723 BURUNDI American Embassy B.P. 34 1720 Bujumbura Tel: (257)(2) 23454 CAMEROON American Embassy Rue Nachtigal, B.P. 817 Yaounde Tel: (237) 230-753 CAPE VERDE American Embassy Rua Hojl Ya Yenna 81 C.P. 201 Praia Tel: (238) 61-56-16 CENTRAL AFRICAN REPUBLIC American Embassy Avenue David Dacko B.P. 924 Bangui Tel: (236) 61-02-00 American Embassy Avenue. Felix Eboue B.P. 413 N'Djamena Tel: (235) 516-218 COMOROS Services provided by the American Embassy in Port Louis, Mauritius. CONGO American Embassy Avenue Amilcar Cabral B.P. 1015, Box C Brazzaville Tel: (242) 83-20-70 COTE D'IVOIRE American Embassy 5 Rue Jesse Owens 01 B.P. 1712 Abidjan Tel: (225) 21-09-79 DJIBOUTI American Embassy Plateau du Serpent, Blvd. Marechal Joffre B.P. 185 Djibouti Tel: (253) 353-995 EQUATORIAL GUINEA American Embassy Calle de Los Ministros P.O. Box 597 Malabo Tel: (240-9) 2406 ERITREA American Embassy 34 Zera Yacob St.] P.O. Box 211 Asmara Tel: (291-1) 12-00-04 ETHIOPIA American Embassy Entoto St., P.O. Box 1014 Addis Ababa Tel: (251-1) 550-666, ext. 316/336 GABON American Embassy Blvd. de la Mer B.P. 4000 Libreville Tel: (241) 762-003, 743-492 GAMBIA American Embassy Kairaba Ave; P.M.B. No. 19, Banjul Tel: (220) 92856, 92858, 91970 GHANA American Embassy Ring Road East P.O. Box 194 Accra Tel: (223-21)775-347 GUINEA American Embassy 2d Blvd. and 9th Ave, B.P. 603 Conakry Tel: (224) 441-520 GUINEA-BISSAU American Embassy C.P. 297 1067 Codex Bissau Tel: (245) 25-2273 KENYA American Embassy Moi/Haile Selassie Ave. P.O. Box 30137 Nairobi Tel: (254)(2) 334-141 LESOTHO American Embassy 254 Kingsway P.O. Box 333, Maseru 100 Maseru Tel: (266) 312-666 LIBERIA American Embassy 111 United Nations Dr. P.O. Box 10-0098, Mamba Point Monrovia Tel: (231) 222-991 MADAGASCAR American Embassy 14 and 16 Rue Rainitovo, Antsahavola B.P. 620 Antananarivo Tel: (261)(2) 21257, 20089 MALAWI American Embassy P.O. Box 30016 Lilongwe Tel: (265) 783-166 American Embassy Rue Testard and Rue Mohamed V B.P. 34 Bamako Tel: (223)(22) 54-70 MAURITANIA American Embassy B.P. 222 Nouakchott Tel: (222)(2) 52660 MAURITIUS American Embassy Rogers Bldg. (4th Fl.) John F. Kennedy Street Port Louis Tel: (230) 208-9764 MOZAMBIQUE American Embassy Avenida Kaunda 193 Maputo Tel: (258)(1) 49-27-97 NAMIBIA American Embassy Private Bag 12029 Windhoek 9000 Tel: (264-61) 22-1601 NIGER American Embassy B.P. 11201 Niamey Tel: (227) 722-661 NIGERIA American Embassy 2 Eleke Crescent Victoria Island, Lagos Tel: (234)(1) 261-0050 RWANDA American Embassy Blvd. de la Revolution, B.P. 28 Kigali Tel: (205) 75601 SAO TOME AND PRINCIPE Falls under the jurisdiction of American Embassy in Libreville, Gabon SENEGAL American Embassy Avenue Jean XXIII, B.P. 49 Dakar Tel: (221) 23-42-96 SEYCHELLES American Embassy Box 148, Unit 62501 Victoria Tel: (248) 225-256 SIERRA LEONE American Embassy Corner Walpole and Siaka Stevens St. Freetown Tel: (232-22) 226-481 SOMALIA U.S. Liaison Office ceased operationSeptember 1994 SOUTH AFRICA American Embassy 887 Pretorius St. Pretoria Tel: (27)(12) 342-1048 American Consulate General Broadway Industries Center Heerengracht, Foreshore Cape Town Tel: (27)(21) 214-280 American Consulate General Durban House, 29th Fl. 333 Smith St. Durban 4001 Tel: (27)(31) 304-4737 American Consulate General Kine Center, 11th Fl. 141 Commissioner St. Johannesburg Tel: (27)(11) 331-1681 SUDAN American Embassy Sharia Ali Abdul Latif P.O. Box 699 Khartoum Tel: 74700, 74611 Workweek: Sunday-Thursday SWAZILAND American Embassy Central Bank Bldg. Warner Street P.O. Box 199 Mbabane Tel: (268) 464-41/5 TANZANIA American Embassy 30 Laibon Rd. (off Bagamoyo Rd.) P.O. Box 9123 Das Es Salaam Tel: (255)(51) 66010 American Embassy Rue Pelletier Caventou & Rue Vauban, B.P. 852 Tel: (228)(21) 29-91 UGANDA American Embassy Parliament Ave., P.O. Box 7007 Kampala Tel: (256)(41) 259-792, 259-795 ZAIRE American Embassy 310 Avenue des Aviateurs Unit 31550 Kinshasa Tel: (243)(12) 21523 ZAMBIA American Embassy Independence and United Nations Aves. P.O. Box 31617 Lusaka Tel: (260)(1) 250-955 ZIMBABWE American Embassy 172 Herbert Chitepo Avenue. P.O. Box 3340 Harare Tel: (263)(4) 794-521 (###) Travel advisories tips title State Department Travel Advisories (Consular Affairs Topics) The State Department issues travel advisories to inform traveling Americans of conditions abroad which may affect them adversely. Travel advisories are generally about physical dangers, unexpected arrests or detentions, serious health hazards, and other conditions abroad with serious consequences for traveling Americans. Travel advisories which describe a potential for violence and physical danger usually reflect a trend or pattern of violence over a period of time in which the government of the country involved is unwilling or unable to afford normal protection. For that reason, isolated international terrorist of criminal attacks - which can and do occur virtually anywhere at any time - do not generally trigger travel advisories. Travel advisories are issued on the basis of objective evidence about emerging or existing circumstances and are modified or cancelled when those circumstances change. Travel advisories are issued only after careful review of information from our diplomatic post in the affected country, and in coordination with various bureaus of the Department of State and other concerned federal agencies. How To Access Travel Advisories Travel advisories for specific countries are available at any of the 13 regional passport agencies, field offices or the U.S. Department of Commerce, and U.S. embassies and consulates abroad. They are also available by writing the Citizens Emergency Center, Bureau of Consular Affairs, Room 4811, N.S., U.S. Department of State, Washington, DC, 20520. Travel advisories may be heard anytime by dialing the Citizens Emergency Center at (202) 647-5225 from a touchtone phone. The recording is updated constantly. By Computer Network If you have a personal computer and a modem, you can also access travel advisories electronically. The Official Airlines Guide (OAG) provides the full text of travel advisories on many online computer services. To obtain information on accessing travel advisories through OAG on any of the following computer services, call the OAG Electronic Edition at 800-323-4000. CompuServe* General Videotex-Delphi NewsNet Dialcom GEnie IP Sharp Dialog iNet-America Telenet Dow Jones News/Retrieval iNet-Bell of Canada Western Union-Easylink *CompuServe subscribers may type GO STATE at any "!" prompt. Infosys America Inc. also provides the full text of travel advisories through Travel Online BBS on the SmartNet International Computer Network in the U.S., Canada and overseas. The (modem) telephone number for Infosys America is (314) 625-4054. Interactive Office Services, Inc. offers online travel information in Travel+Plus through the networks listed below. For information on access, call Travel+Plus at (617) 876-5551 or 800-544-4005. Delphi, MCI (RCA Hotline) Bell South TUG GraphNet Unison FTCC Answer Bank The Overseas Security Electronic Bulletin Board (EBB) provides State Department travel advisories as a free service (purchase of necessary software required) for American firms doing business overseas. Apply to the Executive Director, Overseas Security Advisory Council (DS/OSAC), Department of State, Washington, DC 20522-1003. The Computer Information Delivery Service (CIDS) also provides the text of State Department travel advisories. For information, call Edward Decowski of Martin-Marietta at 703-802-5700. How To Access State Department Travel Advisories by Computer Reservation System (CRS) The following computer reservation systems (CRS) maintain State Department travel advisory information. The information can be accessed by entering the CRS codes listed below. APOLLO - For the travel advisory index, enter: S*BRF/TVLADV For the full text of travel advisories and travel notices, enter: TD*DS/ADV DATAS II - For full text of travel advisories, enter: G* _ (country)_ PARS - For the travel advisory index, enter: G/AAI/TVL Travel Document Systems, Inc. provides the full text of travel advisories and notices to the following reservation systems: SABRE - Enter: N*/ADVISORY INDEX SYSTEM ONE - Enter: GG SUP TD ADV In Western Europe, SYSTEM ONE is accessed through the AMADEUS system and APOLLO through the GALILEO system. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Trips abroad title qYOUR TRIP ABROAD (Consular Affairs Topics) Before You Go There is a lot you can do to prepare for your trip, depending upon where, how long and why you are going. LEARN ABOUT THE PLACES YOU WILL VISIT Here are some good sources: A travel agent can provide brochures and tourist information about the countries you plan to visit. Your travel agent should also be able to provide you with the Department of State travel advisory for any country you plan to visit, if an advisory has been issued for the country. If your travel agent cannot provide travel advisories, you can obtain them 24-hours a day by calling (202) 647-5225 (see page 4). Look in your local bookstore and public library for books on foreign travel. Many countries have tourist information offices in large cities that can give you brochures and, in some cases, maps. International airlines may also supply you with travel brochures on the countries they serve. Foreign embassies or consulates in the United States can provide up-to-date information on their countries. Addresses and telephone numbers of the embassies of foreign governments are listed in the Congressional Directory, available at most public libraries. In addition to their embassies, some countries also have consulates in major U.S. cities. Look for their addresses in your local telephone directory, or find them in the publication, Foreign Consular Offices in the United States, available in many public libraries. Check on Travel Advisories The Department of State issues travel advisories to alert U.S. citizens to conditions overseas that may affect them adversely. There are three types of travel advisories: Warning: recommends deferral of travel to all or part of a country. Caution: advises about unusual security conditions, including the potential for unexpected detention, unstable political conditions, or serious health problems. It is not intended to deter travel to a country. Notice: provides information on situations that do not present a broad scale risk, but which could result in inconvenience or difficulty for traveling Americans. Travel advisories are posted at U.S. passport agencies, Department of Commerce field offices, and at U.S. embassies and consulates around the world. They are distributed to the travel and airline industry and can be found through airline computer reservation systems. If you plan travel to an area or country where there is some concern about existing conditions, find out if there is a travel advisory by contacting the nearest passport agency or your travel agent or airline. You may also listen to recorded travel advisories, 24-hours a day. Call the Department of State's Citizens Emergency Center on 202-647-5225. THINGS TO BE SURE YOU HAVE Travel document requirements vary from country to country, but you will need the following: a passport or other proof of citizenship, plus a visa or a tourist card. You may also need evidence that you have enough money for your trip and/or have ongoing or return transportation tickets. A VALID PASSPORT WHO NEEDS A PASSPORT? A U.S. citizen needs a passport to depart or enter the United States and to enter and depart most foreign countries. Exceptions include short-term travel between the United States and Mexico, Canada, and some countries in the Caribbean. Your travel agent or airline can tell you if you need a passport for the country you plan to visit. WARNING! Even if you are not required to have a passport to visit a country, U.S. Immigration requires you to prove your U.S. citizenship and identity when you reenter the United States. Make certain that you take with you adequate documentation to pass through U.S. Immigration upon your return. A U.S. passport is the best proof of U.S. citizenship. Other documents to prove U.S. citizenship include an expired U.S. passport, a certified copy of your birth certificate, a Certificate of Naturalization, a Certificate of Citizenship, or a Report of Birth Abroad of a Citizen of the United States. To prove your identity, either a valid driver's license or a government identification card that includes a photo or a physical description is adequate. With the number of international child custody cases on the rise, several countries have instituted passport requirements to help prevent child abductions. For example, Mexico has a law that requires a child traveling alone or with only one parent to carry written, notarized consent from the absent parent or parents. No authorization is needed if the child travels alone and is in possession of a U.S. passport. A child traveling alone with a birth certificate requires written, notarized authorization from both parents. Beware of a Passport That Is About to Expire! Certain countries will not permit you to enter and will not place a visa in your passport if the remaining validity is less than 6 months. If you return to the United States with an expired passport, you are subject to a passport waiver fee of $100, payable to U.S. Immigration at the port of entry. All persons must have their own passport. Since January 1981, family members are not permitted to be included in each others' passports. WHEN TO APPLY Every year, demand for passports becomes heavy in January and begins to decline in August. You can help reduce U.S. Government expense and avoid delays by applying between September and December. However, even in those months, periods of high demand for passports can occur. Apply several months in advance of your planned departure, whenever possible. If you need visas, allow additional time approximately two weeks per visa. HOW TO APPLY IN PERSON For your first passport, you must appear in person with a completed Form DSP-11, Passport Application, at one of the 13 U.S. passport agencies or at one of the several thousand federal or state courts or U.S. post offices authorized to accept passport applications. You may be able to find the addresses of passport acceptance facilities in your area in the government listings of your telephone book. If you cannot find a listing, contact one of the 13 U.S. passport agencies listed on page 39 at the end of this pamphlet. Applicants between age 13 and 18 must appear in person, accompanied by a parent or legal guardian. For children under age 13, a parent or legal guardian may appear on their behalf. If you have had a previous passport and wish to obtain another, you may be eligible to apply by mail (see page 10 below for details). WHAT TO BRING WHEN YOU APPLY 1. A properly completed, but unsigned, passport application (DSP-11). Do not sign it! 2. Proof of U.S. citizenship (a, b, or c): a. Use your previously issued passport or one in which you were included. If you are applying for your first passport or cannot submit a previous passport, you must submit other evidence of citizenship. b. If you were born in the United States, you should produce a certified copy of your birth certificate. This must show that the birth record was filed shortly after birth and must be certified with the registrar's signature and raised, impressed, embossed, or multicolored seal. Certified copies of birth records can be obtained from the Bureau of Vital Statistics in the city, state, county, or territory where you were born. (Notifications of Birth Registration or Birth Announcements are not normally accepted for passport purposes.) A delayed birth certificate (one filed more than one year after the date of birth) is acceptable provided it shows a plausible basis for creating this record. If you cannot obtain a birth certificate, submit a notice from a state registrar stating that no birth record exists, accompanied by the best secondary evidence possible. This may include a baptismal certificate, a hospital birth record, affidavits of persons having personal knowledge of the facts of your birth, or other documentary evidence such as an early census, school records, family Bible records, and newspaper files. A personal knowledge affidavit should be supported by at least one public record reflecting birth in the United States. c. If you were born abroad, you can use: -- A Certificate of Naturalization. -- A Certificate of Citizenship. -- A Report of Birth Abroad of a Citizen of the United States of America (Form FS-240). -- A Certification of Birth (Form FS-545 or DS-1350). If you do not have any of these documents and are a U.S. citizen, you should take all available proof of citizenship to the nearest U.S. passport agency and request assistance in proving your citizenship. 3. Proof of identity. You must also establish your identity to the satisfaction of the person accepting your application. The following items are generally acceptable documents of identity if they contain your signature and if they readily identify you by physical description or photograph: -- A previous U.S. passport. -- A certificate of naturalization or citizenship. -- A valid driver's license. -- A government (federal, state, municipal) -- identification card. The following are NOT acceptable: -- Social Security card. -- Learner's or temporary driver's license. -- Credit card of any type. -- Any temporary or expired identity card or document. -- Any document that has been altered or changed in any manner. If you are unable to present one of the first four documents to establish your identity, you must be accompanied by a person who has known you for at least 2 years and who is a U.S. citizen or a permanent resident alien of the United States. That person must sign an affidavit in the presence of the same person who executes the passport application. The witness will be required to establish his or her own identity. You must also submit some identification of your own. 4. Photographs. Present two identical photographs of yourself that are sufficiently recent (normally taken within the past 6 months) to be a good likeness. Passport Services encourages photographs where the applicant is relaxed and smiling. The photographs must not exceed 2x2 inches in size. The image size measured from the bottom of your chin to the top of your head (including hair) must be not less than 1 inch or more than 1-3/8 inches with your head taking up most of the photograph. Passport photographs may be either black and white or color. Photographs must be clear, front view, full-face, and printed on thin white paper with a plain, white or off-white background. Photographs should be portrait-type prints taken in normal street attire without a hat and must include no more than the head and shoulders or upper torso. Dark glasses are not acceptable except when worn for medical reasons. Head coverings are only acceptable if they are worn for religious reasons. Applicants may use photographs in military uniform only if they are on active duty in the U.S. Armed Forces and are proceeding abroad in the discharge of their duties. Newspaper, magazine and most vending machine prints are not acceptable for use in passports. 5. The correct fee. Applicants age 18 and over who are required to appear in person, must pay $65 for their passport. This includes a $10 execution fee. Their passport is valid for 10 years. Applicants under age 18 must pay $40 for their passport. It is valid for 5 years. You may pay in person by check, bank draft, or money order. You may also pay in cash at a passport agency and at some, but not all post offices and clerks of court. HOW TO APPLY BY MAIL You may apply by mail if all of the following are true: -- You have been issued a passport within 12 years prior to your new application. -- You are able to submit your most recent U.S. passport with your new application. -- Your previous passport was issued on or after your 16th birthday. -- You use the same name as that on your most recent passport or you have had your name changed by marriage or court order. HOW TO PROCEED Obtain Form DSP-82, Application for Passport by Mail, from one of the offices accepting applications or from your travel agent, and complete the information requested on the reverse side of the form. (1) Sign and date the application. (2) Include your date of departure. If no date is included, passport agents will assume that your travel plans are not immediate, and your passport will be processed in about two to three weeks. (3) Enclose your previous passport. (4) Enclose two identical 2x2 photographs (Specifications listed later in this file.). (5) The $55 passport fee. (The $10 acceptance fee is not required for applicants eligible to apply by mail.) (6) If your name has changed, submit the original or certified copy of the court order or marriage certificate that shows the change of name. (7) For processing, mail the completed application and attachments to one of the passport agencies listed at the back of this pamphlet. An incomplete or improperly prepared application will delay issuance of your passport. HOW TO PAY THE PASSPORT FEE The following forms of payment are acceptable when you apply by mail: -- Bank draft or cashier's check. -- Check: either certified, personal, or travelers (for exact amount). -- Money order: U.S. postal, international, currency exchange, or bank. Do NOT send cash through the mail! WHEN YOU RECEIVE YOUR PASSPORT Sign it right away! Then fill in page 4, the personal notification data page. Your previous passport and the original documents that you may have submitted will be returned to you with your new passport. OTHER PASSPORT INFORMATION OBTAINING A PASSPORT IN AN EMERGENCY Passport agencies will expedite issuance in cases of genuine, documented emergencies. If you are leaving within five days and need a passport, you can pay to have your passport delivered to you by express mail. But you must arrange and pay for this in advance. Check with the post office or court house that accepts your application or with the nearest passport agency for specific details. If you plan to travel abroad frequently or if you stay overseas for long periods of time, your relatives or associates in the United States should have valid passports as well. That way, should you become seriously ill or involved in some other emergency, they could travel without delay. DIPLOMATIC AND OFFICIAL PASSPORTS If you are being assigned abroad on U.S. government business and are eligible to apply by mail for a no-fee passport (no-fee regular, official, diplomatic), you must submit the mail-in application form, your authorization to apply for a no-fee passport, your previous passport, and two photographs to the Passport Agency in Washington, D.C. for processing. ADDITIONAL VISA PAGES If you require additional visa pages before your passport expires, obtain them by submitting your passport to one of the passport agencies listed at the back of this pamphlet. If you travel frequently to countries requiring visas, you may request a 48-page passport at the time you apply. There is no additional charge for extra pages or for a 48-page passport. CHANGE OF NAME If you have changed your name, you will need to have your passport amended. Fill out Form DSP-19, Passport Amendment/Validation Application, which is available from any office that is authorized to accept passport applications. Submit the DSP-19 along with proof of the name change (a marriage certificate, divorce decree, or certified court order) to the nearest passport agency. There is no fee for this service. AN ALTERED OR MUTILATED PASSPORT If you mutilate or alter your U.S. passport in any way (other than changing the personal notification data), you may render it invalid, cause yourself much inconvenience, and expose yourself to possible prosecution under the law (Section 1543 of Title 22 of the U.S. Code). Mutilated or altered passports should be turned in to passport agents, authorized postal employees, or U.S. consular officers abroad. LOSS OR THEFT OF A U.S. PASSPORT Safeguard your passport. Its loss could cause you unnecessary travel complications as well as significant expense. If your passport is lost or stolen in the United States, report the loss or theft immediately to Passport Services, 1425 K Street, N.W., Department of State, Washington, D.C. 20524 or to the nearest passport agency. Should your passport be lost or stolen abroad, report the loss immediately to the local police and to the nearest U.S. embassy or consulate. If you can provide the consular officer with the information contained in your passport, it will facilitate issuance of a new passport. Therefore, photocopy the data page of your passport and keep it in a separate place. In addition, leave the passport number, date, and place of issuance with a relative or friend in the United States. OTHER QUESTIONS ABOUT PASSPORTS? Additional passport information may be obtained from the passport agencies listed at the end of this pamphlet. OBTAIN VISAS A visa is an endorsement or stamp placed in your passport by a foreign government that permits you to visit that country for a specified purpose and a limited time for example, a 3-month tourist visa. It is advisable to obtain visas before you leave the United States because you will not be able to obtain visas for some countries once you have departed. Apply directly to the embassy or nearest consulate of each country you plan to visit, or consult a travel agent. Passport agencies cannot help you obtain visas. "Foreign Entry Requirements" Department of State publication M-264, Foreign Entry Requirements, gives entry requirements for every country and tells where and how to apply for visas and tourist cards. It can be ordered for $0.50 from the Consumer Information Center, Pueblo, Colorado 81009. Note: The publication is updated annually but may not reflect the most current requirements. It is advisable to verify the latest visa requirements with the embassy or consulate of each country you plan to visit. Because a visa is stamped directly onto a blank page in your passport, you will need to give your passport to an official of each foreign embassy or consulate. You will also need to fill out a form, and you may need one or more photographs. Many visas require a fee. The process may take several weeks for each visa, so apply well in advance of your trip. TOURIST CARD If the country you plan to visit only requires a tourist card, obtain one from the country's embassy or consulate, from an airline serving the country, or at the port of entry. There is a fee for some tourist cards. PROOF OF CITIZENSHIP Check with the embassy or consulate of each country you plan to visit to learn what proof of citizenship is required of visitors. Even if a country does not require a visitor to have a passport, it will require some proof of citizenship and identity. Remember that no matter what proof of citizenship a foreign country requires, U.S. Immigration has strict requirements for your reentry into the United States. Information on U.S. Immigration requirements are later in this file.. IMMUNIZATIONS Under international health regulations adopted by the World Health Organization, a country may require international certificates of vaccination against yellow fever and cholera. Typhoid vaccinations are not required for international travel, but are recommended for areas where there is risk of exposure. Smallpox vaccinations are no longer given. Check your health care records to insure that your measles, mumps, rubella, polio, diphtheria, tetanus, and pertussis immunizations are up-to-date. Medication to deter malaria and other preventative measures are advisable for certain areas. No immunizations are needed to return to the United States. Information on immunization requirements, U.S. Public Health Service recommendations, and other health hints are included in the book, Health Information for International Travel, available for $5.00 from the U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402. You may also obtain such information from local and state health departments or physicians. This information is also available on the Centers for Disease Control 24-hour hotline: 404-639-2572. It is not necessary to be vaccinated against a disease you will not be exposed to and few countries refuse to admit you if you arrive without the necessary vaccinations. Officials will either vaccinate you, give you a medical follow-up card, or, in rare circumstances, put you in isolation for the incubation period of the disease you were not vaccinated against. Check requirements before you depart. If vaccinations are required, they must be recorded on approved forms, such as those in the booklet PHS-731, International Certificates of Vaccination as Approved by the World Health Organization. If your doctor or public health office does not have this booklet, it can be obtained for $2 from the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402 or Government Printing Office bookstores. Keep it with your passport. Some countries require certification from long-term visitors that they are free of the human immuno-deficiency virus (HIV). Generally, this has little bearing on tourists and short-term visitors. Check with the embassy or consulate of the countries you will visit for the latest information. HEALTH INSURANCE For travelers who become seriously ill or injured overseas, obtaining medical treatment and hospital care can be costly. The Social Security Medicare program does not cover hospital and medical services outside the United States. Before you leave the United States, learn what medical services your health insurance will cover abroad. If your health insurance policy does not cover you abroad, you are urged to purchase a temporary health policy that does. There are short-term health and emergency assistance policies designed for travelers. You can find the names of such companies from your travel agent, your health insurance company, or from advertisements in travel publications. In addition to health insurance, many policies include trip cancellation, baggage loss, and travel accident insurance in the same package. Some travelers check companies have protection policies available for those who purchase travelers checks. MEDICAL EVACUATION One of the chief advantages of health and emergency assistance policies is that they often include coverage for medical evacuation to the United States. Medical evacuation can easily cost $5000 depending upon your location and medical condition. Even if your regular health insurance covers you for emergencies abroad, consider purchasing a supplemental insurance policy to cover medical evacuation. Whichever health insurance coverage you choose for overseas, remember to bring your policy identity card and claim forms with you. HOW TO BRING MONEY TRAVELERS CHECKS Do not carry large amounts of cash. Take most of your money in travelers checks and remember to record the serial number, denomination and the date and location of the issuing bank or agency. Keep this information in a safe and separate place so if you lose your travelers checks you can get replacements quickly. CREDIT CARDS Some credit cards can be used worldwide, even for cash advances. Keep track of your credit card purchases so as not to exceed your limit. Travelers have been arrested overseas for mistakenly exceeding their credit limit! Leave all unnecessary credit cards at home. Record the numbers of the credit cards that you do bring and keep the list in a separate place from the cards. Always report the loss or theft of your credit cards or travelers checks immediately to the companies and notify the local police. If you will stay in one place for some time, consider opening an account for check cashing and other transactions at a U.S. bank that has an overseas affiliate. U.S. embassies and consulates cannot cash checks for you. PREPARE FOR EMERGENCY FUNDS Keep the telephone number for your bank in the United States with you in the event you run out of cash and need to transfer money. In some countries, major banks and certain travel agencies can help you arrange a transfer of funds from your account to a foreign bank. If you do not have a bank account from which you can obtain emergency funds, make arrangements in advance with a relative or friend to send you emergency funds should it become necessary. If you find yourself destitute, contact the nearest U.S. embassy or consulate for assistance in arranging a money wire transfer from a relative or friend in the United States. FOREIGN CURRENCY Before departing, you may wish to purchase small amounts of foreign currency to use for buses, taxis, phones, or tips when you first arrive. Foreign exchange facilities at airports may be closed when your flight arrives. You can purchase foreign currency at some U.S. banks, at foreign exchange firms, or at foreign exchange windows or even vending machines at many international airports in the United States. Some countries regulate the amount of local currency you can bring into or take out of the country; others require that you exchange a minimum amount of currency. For currency regulations, check with a bank, foreign exchange firm, your travel agent, or the embassy or consulate of the countries you plan to visit. If you leave or enter the United States with more than $10,000 in monetary instruments of any kind, you must file a report, Customs Form 4790, with U.S. Customs at the time. Failure to comply can result in civil and criminal proceedings. VALUABLES DON'T BRING THEM! Do not bring anything on your trip that you would hate to lose such as expensive jewelry, family photographs, or objects of sentimental value. If you bring jewelry, wear it discreetly to help avoid grab-and-run robbery. OTHER THINGS TO ARRANGE AHEAD LODGING RESERVE IN ADVANCE Many travelers wait until they reach their destination before making hotel reservations. Some train stations and airports have travel desks to assist you in finding lodging. However, when you arrive, you may be tired and unfamiliar with your surroundings, and could have difficulty locating a hotel to meet your needs. Therefore, when possible, reserve your lodging in advance and reconfirm your reservations along the way. During peak tourist season, it is important have a hotel reservation for at least the first night you arrive in a foreign city. An alternative to hotels and pensions is the youth hostel system, offering travelers of all ages clean, inexpensive, overnight accommodations in more than 6,000 locations in over 70 countries worldwide. Hostels provide dormitory-style accommodations with separate facilities for males and females. Some hostels have family rooms that can be reserved in advance. Curfews are often imposed and membership is often required. You may write to: American Youth Hostels, P.O. Box 37613, Washington, D.C. 20013-7613. ORGANIZED PROGRAMS The majority of private programs for vacation, study, or work abroad are reputable and financially sound. However, some charge exorbitant fees, use deliberately false "educational" claims, and provide working conditions far different from those advertised. Even programs of legitimate organizations can be poorly administered. Be cautious. Before committing yourself or your finances, find out about the organization and what it offers. STUDENT TRAVELERS Students can save money on transportation and accommodations, and obtain other discounts if they have an International Student Identity Card. This card is available with proof of student status and a small fee from: Council on International Educational Exchange; 205 East 42nd Street; New York, New York 10017. Membership also provides some accident and health insurance while abroad. TRANSPORTATION At the time of publication, U.S. citizens traveling abroad are required to pay a $12 federal inspection fee and a $6 federal departure tax that are included in the price of the air ticket. CHARTER FLIGHTS AND AIRLINES There have been occasions when airlines or companies that sell charter flights or tour packages have gone out of business with little warning, stranding passengers overseas. If you know from the media or from your travel agent that an airline is in financial difficulty, ask your travel agent or the airline what recourse you would have if the airline ceased to operate. Some airlines may honor the tickets of a defunct airline, but they usually do so with restrictions. Trips abroad (more) title qYOUR TRIP ABROAD (Consular Affairs Topics) Before you purchase a charter flight or tour package, read the contract carefully. Unless it guarantees they will deliver services promised or give a full refund, consider purchasing trip insurance. If you are unsure of the reputation of a charter company or tour operator, consult your local Better Business Bureau or the American Society of Travel Agents at 1101 King Street, Alexandria, VA 22314, Tel. (703) 739-2782, to learn if the company has a complaint record . DRIVER'S LICENSE/AUTO INSURANCE If you intend to drive overseas, check with the embassy or consulate of the countries you will visit to learn their driver's license, road permit, and auto insurance requirements. If possible, obtain road maps before you go. Many countries do not recognize a U.S. driver's license. Most, however, accept an international driver's permit. Before departure, obtain one at a local office of an automobile association. You must be at least age 18, and you will need two passport-size photographs and your valid U.S. license. Certain countries require road permits instead of tolls to use their divided highways and will fine drivers without a permit. Car rental agencies overseas usually provide auto insurance, but in some countries, the required coverage is minimal. A good rule of thumb when renting a car overseas is to purchase insurance coverage that is at least equivalent to that which you carry at home. In general, your U.S. auto insurance does not cover you abroad. However, your policy may apply when you drive to countries that neighbor the United States. Check with your insurer to see if your policy covers you in Canada, Mexico, or countries south of Mexico. Even if your policy is valid in one of these countries, it may not meet its minimum requirements. For instance, in most of Canada, you must carry at least $200,000 in liability insurance, and Mexico requires that if vehicles do not carry theft, third party liability, and comprehensive insurance, the owner must post a bond that could be as high as 50% of the value of the vehicle. If you are under-insured for a country, auto insurance can usually be purchased on either side of the border. U.S. CUSTOMS PRE-REGISTRATION Learn about U.S. Customs regulations. Foreign-made personal articles taken abroad are subject to duty and tax unless you have proof of prior possession such as a receipt, bill of sale, an insurance policy, or a jeweler's appraisal. If you do not have proof of prior possession, items such as foreign-made watches, cameras, or tape recorders that can be identified by serial number or permanent markings may be taken to the Customs office nearest you or at the port of departure for registration before departing the United States. The certificate of registration provided can expedite free entry of these items when you return. DOCUMENTATION FOR MEDICATIONS If you go abroad with preexisting medical problems, carry a letter from you doctor describing your condition, including information on any prescription medicines you must take. You should also have the generic names of the drugs. Leave medicines in their original, labeled containers. These precautions make customs processing easier. A doctor's certificate, however, may not suffice as authorization to transport all prescription drugs to all foreign countries. Travelers have innocently been arrested for drug violations when carrying items not considered to be narcotics in the United States. To ensure you do not violate the drug laws of the countries you visit, consult the embassy or consulate of those countries for precise information before leaving the United States. If you have allergies, reactions to certain medicines, or other unique medical problems, consider wearing a medical alert bracelet or carrying a similar warning. Several private organizations provide listings of physicians to international travelers. Membership in these organizations is generally free, although a donation may be requested. Membership entitles the traveler to a number of traveler's medical aids, including a directory of physicians with their overseas locations, telephone numbers and doctors' fee schedules. The physicians are generally English-speaking and provide medical assistance 24 hours a day. The addresses of these medical organizations are in travel magazines or may be available from your travel agent. PLACES TO RECEIVE MAIL If you are traveling for an extended period, you may want to arrange to pick up mail or messages. Some banks and international credit card companies handle mail for customers at their overseas branches. General Delivery (Poste Restante) services at post offices in most countries will hold mail for you. U.S. embassies and consulates do not handle private mail. LEARN ABOUT DUAL NATIONALITY Whether you are a U.S. citizen from birth or were naturalized as a U.S. citizen, a foreign country may claim you as its citizen if: -- You were born there. -- Your parent is or was a citizen of that country. -- You are married to a citizen of that country. If any of the possibilities for dual nationality applies to you, check on your status (including military obligations) with the embassy or consulate of the country that might claim you as a citizen. In particular, Americans may have problems with dual nationality in certain countries in the Middle East, in South America, and in Africa. Some foreign countries refuse to recognize a dual national's U.S. citizenship and do not allow U.S. officials access to arrested Americans. SOME THINGS TO LEAVE BEHIND YOUR ITINERARY LEAVE A PAPER TRAIL Leave a detailed itinerary (with names, addresses, and phone numbers of persons and places to be visited) with relatives or friends in the United States so you can be reached in an emergency. Also include a photocopy of your passport information page. OTHER IMPORTANT NUMBERS It is a good idea to make a list of all important numbers your passport information as well as your credit card, travelers checks, and airline ticket numbers. Leave a copy at home and carry a copy with you, separate from your valuables. WHILE YOU ARE OVERSEAS HOW TO DEAL WITH THE UNEXPECTED If you change your travel plans, miss your return flight, or extend your trip, be sure to notify relatives or friends back home. Should you find yourself in an area of civil unrest or natural disaster, let them know as soon as you can that you are safe. In addition, contact the nearest U.S. embassy or consulate to register your presence and to keep the U.S. consul informed of your whereabouts. SAFETY TIPS PROTECT YOUR PASSPORT Your passport is the most valuable document you will carry abroad. It confirms your U.S. citizenship. Guard it carefully. Do not use it as collateral for a loan or lend it to anyone. It is your best form of identification. You will need it when you pick up mail or check into hotels, embassies or consulates. When entering some countries or registering at hotels, you may be asked to fill out a police card listing your name, passport number, destination, local address, and reason for traveling. You may be required to leave your passport at the hotel reception desk overnight so it may be checked by local police officials. These are normal procedures required by local laws. If your passport is not returned the following morning, immediately report the impoundment to local police authorities and the nearest U.S. embassy or consulate. PASSPORT FRAUD Law enforcement records show that U.S. passports are sometimes used for illegal entry into the United States or by criminals abroad seeking to establish another identity. This can cause embarrassment to innocent citizens whose names become associated with illegal activities. To protect the integrity of the U.S. passport and the security of the person bearing it, consular officers overseas have found it necessary to take precautions in processing lost passport cases. These precautions may involve some delay before a new passport is issued. SAFEGUARD YOUR PASSPORT Carelessness is the main cause for losing a passport or having it stolen. You may find that you have to carry your passport with you because either you need to show it when you cash travelers checks or the country you are in requires you to carry it as an identity document. When you must carry your passport, hide it securely on your person. Do not leave it in a handbag or an exposed pocket. Whenever possible, leave your passport in the hotel safe, not in an empty hotel room or packed in your luggage. One family member should not carry all the passports for the entire family. GUARD AGAINST THIEVES Coat pockets, handbags, and hip pockets are particularly susceptible to theft. Thieves will use all kinds of ploys to divert your attention just long enough to pick your pocket and grab your purse or wallet. These ploys include creating a disturbance, spilling something on your clothing, or even handing you a baby to hold! Prevent theft by carrying your belongings in a secure manner. Consider not carrying a purse or wallet when going on crowded streets. Women who carry a shoulder bag should keep it tucked under the arm and held securely by the strap. Men should put their wallets in their front trouser pockets or use money belts instead of hip pockets. A wallet wrapped in rubber bands is more difficult to remove undetected. Be especially cautious in a large crowd in the subway, marketplace, at a festival, or if surrounded by groups of vagrant children. Do not make it easy for thieves! FINANCIAL AND SHOPPING TIPS CURRENCY Local banks usually offer better rates of exchange than hotels, restaurants, or stores. Rates are often posted in windows. Above all, avoid private currency transactions. In some countries, you risk more than being swindled or stuck with counterfeit currency you risk arrest. Avoid the black market learn and obey the local currency laws wherever you go. SHOPPING MAIL SMALL ITEMS When you purchase small items, it is a good idea to mail them personally to your home or to carry them in your luggage. This will help prevent misdirected packages, nonreceipt of merchandise, or receipt of wrong merchandise. When you mail purchases, be sure to ask about insurance. American embassies and consulates abroad cannot serve as post offices. They cannot accept, hold, or forward mail for U.S. citizens abroad. THE VALUE ADDED TAX Some European countries levy a value added tax (VAT) on the items you buy. In some places, if you ship your purchases home, the VAT can be waived. Other places may require you to pay the VAT, but have a system to refund it to you by mail. Ask the store clerk for an application to apply for the refund. The VAT refund is only for items you can ship or carry with you. It does not apply to food, hotel bills, or other services. Because the rules for VAT refunds vary from country to country, check with the country's tourist office to learn the local requirements. THINGS TO BEWARE OF PURCHASING WILDLIFE SOUVENIRS Be careful when you buy articles made from animals and plants or purchase live wild animals to bring back as pets. Some items, such as those made from elephant ivory, sea turtles, crocodile leather, or fur from endangered cats, and many species of live animals cannot be brought into the United States legally. Your wildlife souvenirs could be confiscated by government inspectors, and you could face other penalties for attempting to bring them into the United States. Do not buy wildlife or wildlife products unless you are certain they are legal for import into the United States. More information follows later. GLAZED CERAMICS Beware of purchasing glazed ceramic ware abroad. It is possible to suffer lead poisoning if you consume food or beverages that are stored or served in improperly glazed ceramics. Unless the ceramics are made by a firm with an international reputation, there is no immediate way to be certain a particular item is safe. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration recommends that ceramic tableware purchased abroad be tested for lead release by a commercial laboratory on your return or be used for decorative purposes only. More information later on in this file. ANTIQUES Some countries consider antiques to be national treasures and the "inalienable property of the nation." In some countries, customs authorities seize illegally purchased antiques without compensation and may also levy fines on the purchaser. Americans have been arrested and prosecuted for purchasing antiques. Americans have even been arrested for purchasing reproductions of antiques from street vendors because a local authority believed the purchase was a national treasure. Protect yourself. In countries where antiques are important, document your purchases as reproductions if that is the case, or if they are authentic, secure the necessary export permit. The documentation or export permit may be available through the country's national museum. A reputable dealer may provide the export permit or information on how to secure one. If you have questions about purchasing antiques, the country's tourist office can guide you. If you still have doubts, consult the Consular Section of the nearest U.S. embassy or consulate. In places where Americans have had problems because of purchasing antiques, the Consular Section is well aware of the situation. They can tell you about the local laws and the correct procedures to follow. CUSTOMS Keep all receipts for items you buy overseas. They will be helpful in making your U.S. Customs declaration when you return. LEGAL TIPS OBEY FOREIGN LAWS When you are in a foreign country, you are subject to its laws. Learn about local laws and regulations and obey them. Avoid areas of unrest and disturbance. Deal only with authorized outlets when exchanging money or buying airline tickets and travelers checks. Do not deliver a package for anyone unless you know the person well and are certain the package does not contain drugs or other contraband. Before you sell personal effects, such as clothing, cameras, or jewelry, learn the local regulations regarding such sales. Adhere strictly to local laws because the penalties you risk are severe. Some countries are particularly sensitive about photographs. In general, refrain from photographing police and military installations and personnel; industrial structures including harbor, rail, and airport facilities; border areas; and scenes of civil disorder or other public disturbance. Taking such photographs may result in your detention, in the confiscation of your camera and films, and the imposition of fines. For information on photography restrictions, check with the country's tourist office or its embassy or consulate in the United States. Once abroad, check with local authorities or at the Consular Section of the nearest U.S. embassy or consulate. DRUG ARRESTS About 3000 Americans are arrested abroad each year. Of these, approximately one-third are held on drug charges. Despite repeated warnings, drug arrests and convictions are still a common occurrence. Many countries have stiff penalties for drug violations and strictly enforce drug laws. You are subject to foreign, not U.S. laws overseas, and you will find, if arrested, that: -- Few countries provide a jury trial. -- Most countries do not accept bail. -- Pretrial detention, often in solitary confinement, may last months. -- Prisons may lack even minimal comforts bed, toilet, wash basin. -- Diets are often inadequate and require supplements from relatives and friends. -- Officials may not speak English. -- Physical abuse, confiscation of personal property, degrading or inhumane treatment, and extortion are possible. If you are convicted, you face a possible sentence of: -- 2-10 years in many countries. -- A minimum of 6 years hard labor and a stiff fine in some countries. -- The death penalty in some countries. Do not get involved with illegal drugs overseas. It can spoil more than your vacation. It can ruin your life! LEGAL AID Because you are subject to local laws abroad, there is little that a U.S. consul can do for you if you encounter legal difficulties. For example, a consular officer cannot get you out of jail. What American officials can do is limited by both foreign and U.S. laws. The U.S. Government has neither funds nor authority to pay your legal fees or related expenses. Although U.S. consular officers cannot serve as attorneys or give legal advice, they can provide a list of local attorneys and help you find adequate legal representation. The lists of attorneys are carefully compiled from local bar association lists and responses to questionnaires, but neither the Department of State nor U.S. embassies or consulates abroad can assume responsibility for the caliber, competence, or professional integrity of the attorneys. If you are arrested, ask the authorities to notify a consular officer at the nearest U.S. embassy or consulate. Under international agreements and practice, you have the right to talk to the U.S. consul. If you are denied this right, be persistent and try to have someone get in touch for you. When alerted, U.S. officials will visit you, advise you of your rights according to local laws, and contact your family and friends if you wish. They will do whatever they can to protect your legitimate interests and to ensure you are not discriminated against under local law. Consuls can transfer money, food, and clothing to the prison authorities from your family or friends. They will try to get relief if you are held under inhumane or unhealthy conditions or treated less favorably than others in the same situation. HELP FROM AMERICAN CONSULS ABROAD WHEN TO REGISTER WITH THE U.S. EMBASSY REGISTER AT THE CONSULAR SECTION OF THE NEAREST U.S. EMBASSY OR CONSULATE: If you find yourself in a country or area that is experiencing civil unrest, has an unstable political climate, or is undergoing a natural disaster, such as an earthquake or hurricane. If you plan to go to a country where there are no U.S. officials. In such cases, register in an adjacent country, leave an itinerary, and ask about conditions in the country you will visit and what third country may represent U.S. interests there. If you plan to stay in a country for longer than one month. Registration makes your presence and whereabouts known in case it is necessary for a consular employee to contact you in an emergency. During a disaster overseas, American consular officers offer assistance to Americans and can even assist in evacuation when that becomes necessary. But they cannot assist you if they do not know where your are. Registration also makes it easier to apply for a replacement passport if yours is lost or stolen. If you are traveling with an escorted tour to areas experiencing political uncertainty or other problems, find out if registration is being done for you by your tour operator. If it is not, or if you are traveling on your own, leave a copy of your itinerary at the nearest U.S. embassy or consulate soon after arrival. WHAT U.S. CONSULS CAN DO U.S. consular officers are located at U.S. embassies and consulates in most countries overseas. They are available to advise and help you if you are in any serious trouble. DESTITUTION If you become destitute abroad, the U.S. consul can help you get in touch with your family, friends, bank, or employer and tell you how to arrange for them to send funds for you. These funds can sometimes be wired to you through the Department of State. IF ILL OR INJURED Should you become ill while abroad, contact the nearest U.S. embassy or consulate for a list of local doctors, dentists, medical specialists, clinics and hospitals. If your illness or injury is serious, the consul can help you find medical assistance from that list and, at your request, will inform your family or friends of your condition. If necessary, a consul can assist in the transfer of funds from the United States. Payment of hospital and other expenses is your responsibility. Consular officers cannot supply you with medication. In an emergency when you are unable to communicate, the consul will check your passport for the name and address of any relative, friend, or legal representative whom you wish to have notified. Because the U.S. Government cannot pay for medical evacuations, it is advisable to have private medical insurance to cover this. MARRIAGE ABROAD U.S. diplomatic and consular officials do not have the authority to perform marriages overseas. Marriage abroad must be performed in accordance with local law. There are always documentary requirements, and in some countries, there is a lengthy residence requirement before a marriage may take place. Before traveling, ask the embassy or consulate of the country in which you plan to marry about their regulations and how to prepare to marry abroad. Once abroad, the Consular Section of the nearest U.S. embassy or consulate may be able to answer some of your questions, but it is your responsibility to deal with local civil authorities. BIRTH ABROAD A child born abroad to a U.S. citizen parent or parents generally acquires U.S. citizenship at birth. The U.S. parent or parents should contact the nearest U.S. embassy or consulate to have a Report of Birth Abroad of a Citizen of the United States of America prepared. This document serves as proof of acquisition of U.S. citizenship and is acceptable evidence for obtaining a U.S. passport and for most other purposes where one must show a birth certificate or proof of citizenship. ADOPTION ABROAD The Department of State and its embassies and consulates abroad have become increasingly concerned about international adoptions because of an increase in illegal activities by some intermediaries and adoption agencies. Illegal adoption practices can cause great difficulty, financial strain, and emotional upheaval for adopting parents. If you are a prospective adopting parent, beware of any agency or attorney claiming to be able to streamline established procedures. Because of irregular activities, foreign governments sometimes determine that an adoption in process is illegal and refuse to finalize the adoption. For more information, you may write for a free pamphlet, International Adoptions. Send a self-addressed, triple-stamped 9"x12" envelope to: Citizens Consular Services (CA/OCS/CCS), Room 4817, Department of State, Washington, D.C. 20520-4818. If you are planning to adopt from a particular country, mention that in your request, because Citizens Consular Services has specific information on the adoption process in certain countries. DEATH ABROAD When a U.S. citizen dies abroad, the consular officer reports the death to the next of kin or legal representative and arranges to obtain from them the necessary private funds for local burial or return of the body to the United States. Before you begin your trip, complete the address page in the front of your passport. Provide the name, address and telephone number of someone to be contacted in an emergency. Do not give the names of your traveling companions in case the entire party is involved in the same accident. Because the U.S. Government cannot pay for local burial or shipment of remains to the United States, it is worthwhile to have insurance to cover this. Following a death, a Report of the Death of An American Citizen (Optional Form 180) is prepared by the consular officer to provide the facts concerning the death and the custody of the personal estate of the deceased. Under certain circumstances, a consular officer becomes the provisional conservator of a deceased American's estate and arranges for the disposition of those effects. A VARIETY OF NONEMERGENCY SERVICES Consular employees provide nonemergency services as well. These include information on Selective Service registration, travel advisories, absentee voting, and the acquisition or loss of U.S. citizenship. They arrange for the transfer of Social Security and other federal benefits to beneficiaries residing abroad, provide U.S. tax forms, and notarize documents. Consuls can also provide information on how to obtain foreign public documents. WHAT U.S. CONSULS CANNOT DO Consular officers will do their best to assist U.S nationals abroad. However, they must devote priority time and energies to those Americans who find themselves in the most serious legal, medical, or financial difficulties. Because of limited resources, consuls cannot provide routine or commercial-type services. They cannot act as travel agents, information bureaus, banks, or law enforcement officers. U.S. federal law forbids a consular officer from acting as your lawyer. Consular officers cannot: find you employment; get you visas, residence permits or driving permits; act as interpreters; search for missing luggage; call your credit card company or bank; replace stolen travelers checks; or settle disputes with hotel managers. They can, how-ever, tell you how to get assistance on these and other matters. WHEN YOU RETURN RETURN TRANSPORTATION Reconfirm your return reservation at least 72 hours before departure. Whenever possible, obtain a written confirmation. If you do it by phone, record the time, day, and the agent's name who took the call. If your name does not appear on the reservations list, you have no recourse and may find yourself stranded. DEPARTURE TAX Some countries levy an airport departure tax on travelers that can be as high as $50. Ask the airline or a travel agent about this. Make certain to have enough money at the end of your trip to be able to get on the plane. IMMIGRATION AND CUSTOMS If a passport was required for your trip, have it ready when you go through Immigration and Customs. If you took other documents with you, such as an International Certificate of Vaccination, a medical letter, or a Customs certificate of registration for foreign-made personal articles, have them ready also. Have your receipts handy in case you need to support your customs declaration. When returning to the United States by car from Mexico or Canada, have your certificate of vehicle registration handy. It is a good idea to pack your baggage in a way to make inspection easier. For example, pack the articles you acquired abroad separately. U.S. Customs currently allows each U.S. citizen to bring back $400 worth of merchandise duty free, provided the traveler has been outside the United States for at least 48 hours, has not already used this exemption within 30 days, and provided the traveler can present the purchases upon his or her arrival at the port of entry. The next $1000 worth of items brought back for personal use or gifts is subject to duty at a flat rate of 10%. There are two groups of destinations from which the duty-free exemption is higher. These are a group of 24 countries and dependencies in the Caribbean and Central America from which the exemption is $600 and a group of U.S. insular possessions (the U.S. Virgin Islands, American Samoa, and Guam) from which the exemption is $1,200. For details, consult your travel agent or the U.S. Customs Service publication, Know Before You Go, listed directly below. ADDITIONAL SOURCES OF INFORMATION CUSTOMS Know Before You Go, Customs Hints for Returning U.S. Residents contains information on key U.S. Customs regulations and procedures, including duty rates. Single copies are free from any local Customs office or write: U.S. Customs Service, P.O. Box 7407, Washington, D.C. 20044. AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS Travelers Tips on Bringing Food, Plant, and Animal Products Into the United States lists entry requirements for these items from most parts of the world. Fresh fruit and vegetables, meat, potted plants, pet birds, and other items are prohibited or restricted from entry into the United States. The publication is available from the U.S. Department of Agriculture, 613 Federal Bldg., 6505 Belcrest Road, Hyattsville, MD 20782. WILDLIFE AND WILDLIFE PRODUCTS Buyer Beware! provides general guidelines governing restrictions on imports of wildlife and wildlife products into the United States. For a free copy, write to the Publications Unit, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Department of the Interior, Washington, D.C. 20240. Additional information on importing wildlife and wildlife products can be obtained through TRAFFIC USA, World Wildlife Fund, 1250 24th Street, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20037. Trips abroad (more) title YOUR TRIP ABROAD (Consular Affairs Topics) GLAZED CERAMIC PURCHASES The article, An Unwanted Souvenir, Lead in Ceramic Ware, explains the danger of lead poisoning from some glazed ceramic ware sold abroad. For a free copy, write: U.S. Food and Drug Administration, HFI-40, Rockville, MD. 20857. U.S. EMBASSY ADDRESSES Key Officers of Foreign Service Posts gives the names of key officers and the addresses for all U.S. embassies, consulates, and missions abroad. This publication is updated three times a year. The single copy price is $1.75. To obtain a copy, write to: Superintendent of Documents U.S. Government Printing Office Washington, D.C. 20402. FOREIGN COUNTRY INFORMATION Background Notes are brief, factual pamphlets, one for each country of the world and some for selected international organizations. The approximately 170 Notes contain information on each country's people, culture, geography, history, government, economy, and political conditions. Background Notes also include a reading list, travel notes, and maps. Single copies are available for $1 from the U.S. Government Printing Office. BROCHURES ON CONSULAR SERVICES FOR AMERICANS ABROAD Single copies of the following brochures can be obtained free by sending a self-addressed, stamped envelope (SASE) to: CA/PA, Room 5807; Department of State; Washington, D.C. 20520-4818. Crisis Abroad What the State Department Does summarizes the work of the State Department during a crisis. For example, for concerned relatives and friends in the U.S., the Department attempts to obtain information from local authorities abroad about Americans located in the disaster area. The Citizens Emergency Center gives information about the assistance the Center provides to American citizens in four major categories: deaths, arrests, welfare/whereabouts inquiries, and financial/medical emergencies. US Consuls Help Americans Abroad explains the emergency and nonemergency services that consular officers abroad provide to U.S. citizens. OTHER INFORMATION SHEETS ON CONSULAR MATTERS The Department of State has information on other subjects of interest to traveling Americans. Single copies of the following information sheets are free. Please send a SASE to: CA/OCS/CCS, Room 4817; Department of State; Washington, D.C. 20520-4818. Ask for any of the following: Dual Nationality (U.S./Other) Loss of U.S. Citizenship Marriage Abroad Foreign Military Service Claims to Inheritance Abroad Estates Abroad Tourist and Trade Complaints. PASSPORT AGENCIES Apply Early For Your Passport! Boston Passport Agency Thomas P. O'Neill Fed. Bldg., Room 247 10 Causeway Street Boston, Massachusetts 02222 *Recording: 617-565-6698 Public Inquiries: 617-565-6990 Chicago Passport Agency Suite 380, Kluczynski Federal Bldg. 230 South Dearborn Street Chicago, Illinois 60604-1564 *Recording: 312-353-5426 Public Inquiries: 312-353-7155 or 7163 Honolulu Passport Agency Room C-106, New Federal Bldg. 300 Ala Moana Blvd. Honolulu, Hawaii 96850 *Recording: 808-541-1919 Public Inquiries: 808-541-1918 Houston Passport Agency Suite 1100, Mickey Leland Fed. Bldg. 1919 Smith Street Houston, Texas 77002 *Recording: 713-653-3159 Public Inquiries: 713-653-3153 Los Angeles Passport Agency Room 13100, 11000 Wilshire Boulevard Los Angeles, California 90024-3614 *Recording: 310-575-7070 Public Inquiries: 310-575-7075 Miami Passport Agency 3rd Floor, Federal Office Bldg. 51 Southwest First Avenue Miami, Florida 33130-1680 *Recording: 305-536-5395 (English) 305-536-4448 (Spanish) Public Inquiries: 305-536-4681 New Orleans Passport Agency Postal Services Building 701 Loyola Avenue, Rm. T-12005 New Orleans, Louisiana 70013-1931 *Recording: 504-589-6728 Public Inquiries: 504-589-6161 New York Passport Agency Room 270, Rockefeller Center 630 Fifth Avenue New York, New York 10111-0031 *Recording: 212-541-7700 Public Inquiries: 212-541-7710 Philadelphia Passport Agency Room 4426, Federal Bldg. 600 Arch Street Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19106-1684 *Recording: 215-597-7482 Public Inquiries: 215-597-7480 San Francisco Passport Agency Suite 200, Tishman Speyer Bldg. 525 Market Street San Francisco, California 94105-2773 *Recording: 415-744-4444 Public Inquiries: 415-744-4010 Seattle Passport Agency Room 992, Federal Office Bldg. 915 Second Avenue Seattle, Washington 98174-1091 *Recording: 206-553-7941 Public Inquiries: 206-553-7945 Stamford Passport Agency One Landmark Square Broad and Atlantic Streets Stamford, Connecticut 06901-2767 *Recording: 203-325-4401 Public Inquiries: 203-325-3538, 3530 Washington Passport Agency 1425 K Street, N.W. Washington, D.C. 20524-0002 *Recording: 202-647-0518 Public Inquiries: 202-326-6020 *Twenty-four hour recording includes general passport information, passport agency location, hours of operation, and information regarding emergency passport services during non-working hours. emergency passport services during non-working hours. West bank travel title WEST BANK, GAZA STRIP, EAST JERUSALEM - WARNING (Travel Advisories) March 12, 1992 Summary: The Department of State continues to advise all U.S. citizens to avoid travel to the West Bank and Gaza Strip until further notice. U.S. citizens traveling to East Jerusalem should contact the U.S. Consulate General for an update on conditions and exercise caution at all times. In general, Americans should avoid demonstrations and protest activities. Israel's strict security measures, particularly at Ben Gurion Airport and Allenby Bridge, may affect visitors. Americans arrested in the West Bank or Gaza on security offenses are often denied timely communication with consular officials. End Summary. I. Travel and Safety TRAVEL TO THE WEST BANK AND GAZA STRIP: Due to recurrent disturbances and tension in the West Bank and the Gaza Strip, the Department of State continues to advise all U.S. citizens to avoid travel to these areas until further notice. U.S. citizens who must travel to the West Bank and Gaza Strip should be aware of continuing unrest and tension, including stone- throwing, which can affect visitors. If travel to the West Bank is unavoidable, travelers should consult with the U.S. Consulate General in Jerusalem. In the case of travel to the Gaza Strip, travelers should consult with the U.S. Embassy in Tel Aviv. Americans residing in these areas should exercise particular caution. They should also register with the U.S. Embassy in Tel Aviv or the U.S. Consulate General in Jerusalem. TRAVEL TO EAST JERUSALEM: There have been occasional disturbances in East Jerusalem. U.S. citizens who travel to East Jerusalem should be aware of continuing unrest and tension, including stone-throwing, which can affect visitors. Travelers to all areas of East Jerusalem, including the walled city, should exercise caution. Travelers should contact the U.S. Consulate General for an update on conditions. Because of the potential for violent incidents, tourists should be vigilant while using public transportation and while traveling by car in areas of East Jerusalem less frequented by tourists. DEMONSTRATIONS: Under all circumstances, Americans should avoid demonstrations, protest activities, and other situations that have the potential to lead to violence. American tourists should carry their U.S. passports at all times II. Consular Matters, Security, and Arrests SECURITY MEASURES: Israel has strict security measures which may affect visitors. Prolonged questioning and detailed searches may take place at the time of entry and/or departure at the Allenby Bridge from Jordan and at Ben Gurion Airport. At the Allenby Bridge, American citizens with Arab surnames may encounter delays or obstacles in bringing in cameras or electronics equipment. Items commonly carried by travelers such as toothpaste, shaving cream, and cosmetics may be confiscated or destroyed. During searches and questioning, access may be denied to U.S. consular officers, lawyers, or family members. Should questions arise at the Allenby Bridge, Americans should telephone the U.S. Consulate General in Jerusalem for assistance at 253-288. If questions arise at Ben Gurion Airport, Americans should phone the U.S. Embassy in Tel Aviv at 517-4338. ARRESTS IN THE WEST BANK AND GAZA STRIP: Americans arrested or detained in the West Bank or Gaza on suspicion of security offenses often are not permitted to communicate with consular officials, lawyers, or family members in a timely manner during the interrogation period of their case. Youths who are over the age of fourteen have been detained and tried as adults. The U.S. Embassy is not normally notified of the arrests of Americans in the West Bank by Israeli authorities, and access to detainees is delayed. No. 92-044 This updates the previous advisory, dated October 8, 1990, to reflect changes in conditions in East Jerusalem. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- TrvlTops 1 TrvlTops 10 TrvlTops 18 ---------------------------- TrvlTops 1 World Factbook 1996 Edition Interface Image Notes Previous buttonClick TO HANDLE buttonClick --{Go buttonClick TO HANDLE buttonClick --{Go Print .'+ + Notes buttonClick buttonClick 1440,1440,1440,1440 360,360 printerScaling custom "Notes" 12000 printerSize printerLabelWidth .'+ + Notes idNumber of this page = buttonClick buttonClick 1440,1440,1440,1440 360,360 printerScaling custom "Notes" 12000 printerSize printerLabelWidth cid = = " &